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TENSES
15. PAST PERFECT
had + vb 3º column ● When we talk about things that happened before this time, we use past perfect: When Ana arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Compare Present perfect and Past Perfect (I have done and I had done) Present Perfect It tells us about the situation now. (he comido) o Tom has lost his key. (he doesn’t have his keys now) A period of time that continues until now. → today/ this week/ since 2010 o Have you seen Ana this morning? (it is still morning now) Ej: The house is dirty. They haven’t cleaned it for weeks. Past Perfect When the situation happened in the past, about long time (había comido). Ej: The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks. ● You can use a present perfect for recent happenings: I’ve repaired the washing machine. It’s working ok now. ● Usually, you can use the past simple: I repaired the washing machine. It’s working ok now. ● Use the past simple for things that are not recent: Mozart was a composer. (not has been…) ● We use present perfect to give new information, but if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple: Somebody has split something on the sofa. Well it doesn’t me. I didn’t do it. Past simple Past perfect Kate wasn’t at home when I phoned. She was at her mother’s house. Kate had just got home when I phoned. She had been at her mother’s house.
18. USED TO (DO) *Compare: She used to (travel) She doesn't (travel) ● Past ● a few years ago ● Now ● these days I used to do something= lo hice a menudo en el pasado, pero ya no ● I used to play tennis a lot, but i don´t play very much now También se usa→ used to… para cosas que eran verdad, pero ya no lo son ● This building is now a shop. It used to be a cinema “Used to do something” es pasado, no se puede poner en presente: “I use to do” The question form is: - Did you used to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
The negative form is: - I didn't used to like him/ I used not to like him *Compare I used to do I was doing
- I used to watch TV a lot (lo hacía mucho en el pasado, pero ahora ya no)
- I was watching TV when Rob called (esto pasa en mitad de estar viendo la TV)
- No se debe confundir “I used to do” y “I am used to doing”: ● I used to live alone (vivía solo en el pasado, pero no durante toda la vida) ● I am using to living alone (vivo solo, y no es un problema para mi porque he vivido así muchas veces) 23. WILL AND I AM GOING TO We use will , to announce a new decision, IN THE MOMENT. o Ex: Sarah is talking to Anna and we have decided to have a party. (lo decidimos en el momento) We use be going to , when we have a already decided something, BEFORE o Ex: Hello Marc, Sarah and I have decided to have a party and we have invited a lot of people (ya está decidido y lo comunicamos a Marc) Future happenings and situations ● I think the weather will be nice later (lo piensas) or I think the weather is going to be nice later (ves el cielo despejado). ● If you look a black clouds, you can say: It is going to rain, because the clouds are in the sky now. We use will , when you don´t look the clouds in the sky, when somebody talk you it, for example. ● We are going to be late , because you know it with certain. Ex: she is going to be late because the meeting starts in 5 minutes, and she arrives in 15 minutes since her house. We will be late for the meeting, because she is always late. 24. WILL BE DOING AND WILL HAVE DONE a) Future continuous Will be + vb + ing 🡪 (estará haciendo). Ex: At 10 o ‘clock tomorrow, she will be working in the office. o To talk about complete actions in the future. o Ex: In the programme of 4 pm, they will be talking about Education. b) Future perfect Will have + vb (3º column) ) (habrá estado). Ex: Next year, they will have married for 24 years. o When we complete before a time in the future. o Ex: The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. 25. WHEN I DO AND WHEN I HAVE DONE / IF AND WHEN
● Ask for permission (=could), giving an d refusing permission. B. MIGHT/ MAY HAVE + PARTICIPLE ● Possibility in the past. C. MIGHT NOT/ MAY NOT (no es lo mismo que “could”) ● Couldn´t negative deductions (certainly). “Might not/ ma not” for possibility. D. MIGHT/ MAY BE + ING ● Possibility in progress in the future. E. MIGHT/ MAY AS WELL ● There is nothing more interesting to do (informal) A. WOULD ● Ask someone to do something ● Imaginary situations ● Habits and actions in the past. B. WOULD HAVE ● Imaginary situtions in the past. C. WOULDN´T ● Refuse to do sth D. WOULD, CAN, COULD, MAY ● Request and permission ● Offers and invitations A. MUST ● Obligation and prohibition ● Positive deductions B. MUST HAVE ● Deductions in the past. C. HAVE TO ● Necessity D. DON´T HAVE TO ● Lack of necessity E. HAD TO ● Obligations in the past IMPORTANT
- Have to: a rule from outside
- Must: speaker´ s own rule and written rules.
A. NEEDN´T AND DON´T NEED TO
● Sth is not necessary B. NEEDN´T HAVE + PARTICIPLE ● Sth was not necessary, buy you did it anyway. C. DIDN´T NEED TO ● Sth was not necessary, so you didn´t do it 38-39-40- CONDITIONALS Zero: If you eat too much, you get fat First : you come for the weekend, we will go to the cinema Second : If I won the lottery, I would spend my life travelling Third : If I had woken up earlier, I would have arrived on time ● Present regrets : wish + past simple. ● Past regrets : wish + past perfect.
We can also use have something done with a different meaning, for example: Paul and Karen had their bags stolen while they were travelling. This does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal their bags, their bags were stolen. With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something happens to somebody or belongings. 47- 48. REPORTED SPEECH For example… ● Statements:
- Peter: “I will go to university next year” → Peter said that he would go to university the following year. ● Commands:
- Dad: “Do your homework!”→ Dad told me to do my homework.
- Teacher: “Don't talk to your friend!” → The teacher told me not to talk to my friend. ● Questions:
- Sarah: “Did you enjoy the party?” → She asked me if I had enjoyed the party
- Peter: “When did you go to school?” → He asked me when I had gone to school.
49. QUESTIONS
In questions the subject is usually after the first verb: Tom will → Will Tom? You have → Have you? The house was → Was the house? In present simple questions we use do/does, in past simple questions we use did But do not use do / does / did if who / what is the subject of the sentence. Emma phoned somebody → Who did Emma phoned? → In this sentence, sbd is the object, not subject Somebody phoned Emma → Who phoned Emma? → In this sentence, sbd is the subject so we do not put did ● In questions beginning by who / what / which / where prepositions like in, for, etc. usually go at the end: ○ Where are you from? / What was the weather like? / Who do you want to speak to? ● You can use preposition + whom in formal style: ○ To whom do you wish to speak?
Instead of neither you can use nor , not, either
- ‘ I don’t know’ ● Neither do I ● Nor do I ● I do n’t either I think so / I supposed so You can say I think so / I suppose so when we don’t want to repeat something
- ‘ Are they Korean?’ ‘I think so’ In the same way we say: I hope so, I guess so and I’m afraid so. - ‘Is that woman American?’ ‘I think so / I don’t think so’ 52. QUESTION TAGS (DO YOU? ISN’T IT?, ETC) We use do/does/did for the present and past simple... Normally we use a negative question tag after a positive sentence - Kate will be here soon, won’t she? … and a positive question tag after a negative sentence - Kate won’t be late, will she? ● After let’s the question tag is always shall we? ● After don’t the question tag is will you ● After I’m the negative question tag is **aren’t
- VERB + NIG (ENJOY DOING / STOP DOING)** After enjoy , mind and suggest , we use - ing (not to) Some more verbs that are followed by - ing: ● stop ● recommend ● finish ● consider ● admit ● deny ● avoid ● risk ● imagine ● fancy
The negative form is not –ing
- When I´m on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early. We also use -ing after: ● give up ● put off ● go on or carry on ● keep or keep on With some verbs you can use the structure verb + somebody + - ing You can’t stop people doing what they want When you talk about finished actions, you can say having done/stolen/said , etc: But it is not necessary to use having (done), you can say: They admitted stealing the money I now regret saying that Other structures are possible with admit, deny, suggest and recommend : They denied (that) they had done anything wrong 54. VERB + TO… (DECIDE TO … / FORGET TO … ETC.) After these verbs you can use to… (infinitive) ● offer ● agree ● refuse ● plan ● arrange ● hope ● forget ● manage ● fail ● promise ● threaten ● deserve ● afford ● learn ● tend The negative is not to. After some verbs, we use -ing. For example, enjoy/think/suggest… After dare : ● You can use the infinitive with or without ● After dare not: we do not use to
Some verbs are followed by - ing and some are followed by to… Verbs that you can use with -ing (not to) Verbs that you can use with to Some verbs can be followed by -ing or to … with a difference of meaning Remember I remember doing something = Idid it and now I remember this. You remember doing something after you have done it.
- I know I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it I remembered to do something = I remembered that I had to do it, so I did it You remember to do something before you do it. - I remembered to lock the door , but I forgot to shot the windows Regret ● I regret doing something = I did it and now I am sorry about it - I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn’t have said it ● I regret to say / to tell / to inform you = i am sorry that I have to say: - (from a formal letter) I regret to say that we are unable to accept your offer. Go on ● Go on doing something = continue doing the same thing - The president paused for a moment and then went on talking ● Go on something = do or say something new - After discussing the economy, the president went on talk about foreign policy We use the following verbs with -ing or to… with no difference of meaning I regret to say / tell you / to inform you = I am sorry that I have to say 95. RELATIVE CLAUSES 4: EXTRA INFORMATION CLAUSES (1) There are 2 types of relative clauses:
- The woman who lives to next door of me is a doctor. à In this type the relative clauses tell you which person or thing. We don’t use commas with this relative clauses (,).
- My brother Ben, who lives in Hong Kong is an architect. à We know which person or thing is meant. We use commas with these clauses (,). In both types we use who for people and which for things.
- In the first type, we can use that Grace works for a company which/that makes furniture. We can leave out who/which/that when is the object à >This morning I met somebody (who/that) I had’t seen for ages. We don’t often use whom.
- In the second type, we cannot use that à Jhon, who speaks French and Italuan, Works as a tour guide. We cannot leave out who ot which à We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friendo f ours recommended. We can use whom for people. In both types you can use whose and where
- We helped some people whose car had broken down.
- Kate has just been to Sweden, where her dougther lives. 96. RELATIVE CLAUSES 5: EXTRA INFORMATION CLAUSES (2) Preposition + whom (for people) /which (for things): “to whom”, “of which”, “with whom”, “without which”, “about whom”, “from which”…
- María, to whom I spoke at the meeting. Often we keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause:
- Maria told me she Works for a company called “Apple”, which I’d never heard of before. We don’t use whom when the ppreposition is in this position:
- María, who I spoke to at the meetieng, is interested in our proposal. All of/ most of etc. + whom/ which
- Helen has 3 brothers, all of whom are married.
- They asked me a lot of questions, mosto f which I couldn’t answer. in the same way you can say:
- Many of whom, none of which, some of whom, both of which… You can also say:
100. ADJETIVES AND ADVERBS 1 (QUICK/ QUICKLY)
Many adverbs are adjetive + -ly: adjetive adverb
- Quick
- Serius
- Careful
- Quickly
- Seriusly
- Carefully Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjetives end in -ly too.
- Friendly, lively, elderly, lonely, lovely… Adverb or adjetive? Adjetives : tell us about a noun (somebody or something). We use adjetives before nouns:
- Sam is a careful driver
- She speaks perfect English Adverbs : tell us about a verb (how somebody does something or how something happens):
- Sam drove carefully along the narrow road. (not drove carful)
- She speaks English perfectly. We use adj. After some verbs, especially be, and also look/feel/sound:
- Please be quiet
- My exam results were really bad
- Please speak quietly
- I did really badly in the exam Also can use adverbs before adjetives and other adverbs:
- Reasonably chep a (adverb + adjetive)
- Terribly sorry a (adverba + adjetive)
- Incredibly quickly a (adverb + adverb) Also can use an adverb before a past participle (injured/ organised/ written):
- Two people were seriusly injured in the accident.
- The conference was **badly organised.
- ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 2 (WELL, FAST, LATE, HARD/ HARDLY)** Good and well:
- Good is an adjetive à your english is Good
- The adverb is well à you speak english well Use well with past participles :
- Paula’s father is a well-known writer. Well is also an adj meaning à “in Good health”
- I’m very well, thanks. Fast, hard and late a these words are both adjetives and adverbs adjetive adverb
- Darren is a fast runner - Darren can run fast Lately =recently:
- Have you seen Kate lately? Hardly = very Little, almost not:
- Sarah wasn’t very friendly at the party. She hardly spoke to me. Compare hard and Hardy:
- He tried hard to find a job, but he ha not luck. Hardly goes before the verb:
- We hardly know each other. I can hardly do something:
- You writing is terrible. I can hardly read it. You can use hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere:
- These two cameras are very similar. There’s hardly any difference between them. Hardly ever =almost never
- I’m nearly always at home in the eveningas. I hardly evern go out. Hardly also means à “certainly not”:
- The situation is serious, but it’s **hardly a crisis.
- SO AND SUCH**
Enough: goes after adjetives and adverbs: I can’t run very far. I’m not fit enough. Normally goes before nouns: We have enough money. We don’t need any more. We also use it alone: We don’t need more money. We have enough. Too
- You never stop working. You work too hard. Not…enough
- You are lazy. You don’t work hard enough. Too much/many
- There were too many people. à Enough
- There’s not enough space. Enough/too + for … and to … We say enough/ too … for somebody/ something: - This bag isn’t big enough for all my clothes. We say enough/too… to do something: - She’s not old enough to have a driving licence. Both for … and to …: - The bridge is just wide enough for two cars to pass one another. Too hot to eat…: - The food was too hot to eat. 104. QUITE, PRETTY, RATHER AND FAIRLY Quite Less tan “very”, but more tan “a Little”. Goes before a/an : - We live in quite an old house. We use quite not pretty:
- Quite a/an + noun : - it was quite a susprise.
- Quite a lot (of… ): - There were quite a lot of guests at the wedding.
- Quite + verb, especially like and enjoy: - I quite like tennis, bi¡ut it’s not my favourite sport. Also means “completely”: (with a lot of adjetives, verbs)
- Are you sure? – Yes, quite sure.
- I quite agree withn you. Not quite = not completely
- Are you ready yet? – not quite. 2 meanings:
- The story is quite interesting. (=less than very interesting)
- The story is quite true. (=completely true)
Pretty Less tan “very”, but more tan “a Little”. More informal.
- Anna lives quite near me, so we see each other pretty often.
- Sara has a pretty Good job. Rather Similar to quite and pretty. We use it for negative ideas (things that we think are not good)
- Paul is rather shy. He doesn’t talk very much. (We can put quite ) When use it for positive ideas it means “unusually” or “surprisingly”.
- These oranges are rather Good. Where did you get it? Fairly Is weaker than quite/rather/pretty. For example, is something is fairly good , it is not very goodd and it could be better.
- My roo mis fairly big, but I’d prefer a bigger one. 105. COMPARATIVE 1 (CHEAPER, MORE EXPENSIVE…) After comparatives you can use than: - It’s cheaper to drive than go in train. The comparative form is -er or than: -er (short words) More (longer words)
- Cheap→ cheaper We also use -er for two-syllable words that end in -y
- Easy→ easier
- More serious We also use more for adverbs that end in -ly.
- More solowly We can use both with some two-sylable adjetives: clever, narrow, quiet, shallow, simple. Some adj. and advb. have irregular comparative forms:
- Good/well → better
- Bad/badly→ worse
- Far→ further or farther (further sometimes means more or aditional ) CHECK
- Further and Elder.
- Some adjectives accept two forms (cleverer, more clever).
- Comparative adverbs are formed in the same way, except for those formed with –ly (quietly, more quietly) 106. COMPARATIVE 2 (MUCH BETTER / ANY BETTER…)
