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SENTENCE TRANSITIONS
Problem
Transitions are tools to create coherence and consistency (i.e., “flow”) in your paper. Without them, the
relationship between ideas may be unclear to the reader. Academic English relies heavily on these
transitional words to clarify relationships among ideas and sentences.
Solutions
USE WORDS FROM THIS CHART to make logical relationships explicit.
LOGICAL
RELATIONSHIP
TRANSITION WORDS COORDINATE &
CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS
(for definition, see back)
SUBORDINATE
CONJUNCTIONS
(for definition, see back)
Addition
moreover • furthermore • finally • in
addition (to) • besides
and • nor • not
only…but also •
both…and
EXAMPLE: I love to write research papers for school. Moreover , I really enjoy receiving large amounts of homework from my instructors. EXAMPLE: Not only am I taking a full courseload, but I also have a job that keeps me busy.
Cause &
Effect
therefore • consequently • thus • as a
result (of) • for this reason • accordingly
so • for since • because •
if…then • in order to
EXAMPLE: Romeo told Juliet that her spaghetti sauce was terrible; as a result , Romeo now cooks for himself. EXAMPLE: In order to make my writing very clear, I will learn how to use logical connectors properly.
Comparison
likewise • similarly • in the same way •
in the same manner
just as…so • the
more…the more •
whether…or • either…
or • neither…nor
EXAMPLE: Installments of Charles Dickens’s serial novels were eagerly awaited in England and the U.S.; similarly , each of the novels in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series has been anticipated (and even pre-ordered) on both sides of the Atlantic. EXAMPLE: Just as athletes go through training drills in order to be agile on the field, so do musicians practice scales so that they can perform with ease.
Contrast
however • nevertheless • in contrast • on
the other hand • on the contrary
but • yet • the
more…the less
although • though •
even though • unlike •
while • whereas •
despite • in spite of
EXAMPLE: I love my dog, but I hate it when he eats the roll of toilet paper. EXAMPLE: The more my dog misbehaves, the less likely I am to leave him home alone. EXAMPLE: While I do enjoy cooking as a hobby, I will not prepare all the food for your wedding.
Concession
of course • to be sure • granted •
naturally • no doubt
given that • granted
that
EXAMPLE: I’ve found qualitative methods to be the most fruitful approach to writing center research. Of course , not every scholar shares this belief. EXAMPLE: Given that graduate students work on their dissertations all year long, it is understandable that many writers wish the Center for Writing were open during weekends and holidays.
(continued on back)
LOGICAL
RELATIONSHIP
TRANSITION WORDS COORDINATE &
CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS
SUBORDINATE
CONJUNCTIONS
Conclusion
therefore • in short • in conclusion •
to summarize • on the whole • overall •
as the data show • as I have
demonstrated • ultimately
so
EXAMPLE: As the data show , drivers are more likely to cause accidents when they are talking on their cell phones. EXAMPLE: Therefore , Minnesota should enact a law banning drivers from using cell phones.
Emphasis
in fact • indeed
EXAMPLE: The New York Yankees are often derided as being “the best team money can buy”; indeed , the team’s payroll is the most expensive in all of major league baseball. EXAMPLE: The frequency of perfect games in baseball has been increasing. In fact , of the 22 perfect games in Major League history, four occurred in just the last two years.
Example
for example • for instance • in particular •
specifically • namely • to illustrate
EXAMPLE: Interracial couples have long faced racism in American culture. For example , as recently as 1967, interracial marriage was illegal in seventeen states. EXAMPLE: I am working on becoming healthier; specifically , I now go to the gym daily.
Clarification
or
Repetition
to repeat • that is • in other words • again
- as explained/mentioned earlier
and
EXAMPLE: Karl Marx argued that class struggle has always existed. In other words , the rich and poor have always been in conflict regardless of historical moment. EXAMPLE: During midterms and finals, Student Writing Support gets especially busy, and it is not uncommon for students to wait for over an hour to see a consultant.
Time or
Sequence
first/second/third • then/next/finally •
afterwards • meanwhile • previously •
initially • later • subsequently
no sooner…than when • whenever • while •
until • before • after •
as soon as • as long as
EXAMPLE: Previously people believed that the earth was flat. Now we know it is spherical. EXAMPLE: After the Stonewall Uprising of 1969, the movement to protect LGBT civil rights in New York and around the nation became both more visible and more powerful.
PAY ATTENTION TO PUNCTUATION PATTERNS.
• Transition words between two complete sentences are typically preceded by a period (.) or a
semi-colon (;) and followed by a comma (,).
I respected his intelligence and qualifications. However, I did not hire him. I respected his intelligence and qualifications ; however, I did not hire him.
• Coordinate Conjunctions ( and, but, yet, so, for, nor, or ) show continuation of an idea between two
clauses. Coordinate conjunctions are preceded by a comma when used to join two complete
sentences in formal writing.
I respected his intelligence and qualifications , but I did not hire him. (comma)
I respected his intelligence and qualifications but did not hire him. (no comma)
• Correlative Conjunctions ( both…and; not only…but also; just as…so ) operate in pairs to connect
two parallel phrases or clauses. Correlative conjunctions are separated by a comma when used to
join two complete sentences; however, they do not need any punctuation when they join two
phrases (incomplete sentences).
Not only did I respect his intelligence , but I also admired his qualifications. (comma)
I respected both his intelligence and his qualifications. (no comma)
• Subordinate Conjunctions make one clause dependent on, or subordinate to, the other.
Subordinate conjunctions may or may not require a comma, depending where the clause is.
Although I respected his intelligence and qualifications, I did not hire him. (comma)
I did not hire him although I respected his intelligence and qualifications. (no comma)
