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Tumor Immunology, Apuntes de Inmunología

Asignatura: INMUNOLOGIA, Profesor: Marcelino Bañuelos Calvo, Carrera: Medicina, Universidad: UAM

Tipo: Apuntes

2016/2017

Subido el 01/05/2017

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Tumor Immunology:
Definitions:
-Tumor (neoplasm): unchecked cellular growth.
-Two types:
1-Benign: controlled tumor.
2-Malignant: uncontrolled tumor.
-Malignant tumors are characterized by:
1-Progressive growth without exogenous growth signals.
2-Invasiveness of normal tissue boundaries.
3-Metastasis.
4-Mainly of Monoclonal origin.
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Tumor Immunology:

Definitions: -Tumor (neoplasm): unchecked cellular growth.

  • Two types : 1-Benign : controlled tumor. 2-Malignant : uncontrolled tumor.
  • Malignant tumors are characterized by : 1-Progressive growth without exogenous growth signals. 2-Invasiveness of normal tissue boundaries. 3-Metastasis. 4-Mainly of Monoclonal origin.

Classification of malignant tumor:

Malignant tumor is classified according to its embryonic origin into different groups: 1-Carcinoma : Malignant tumors develop from endodermal or ectodermal tissues. Examples: Skin carcinoma, Colon and lung carcinoma. 2-Sarcoma : Malignant tumors develop from bone and cartilage. 3- Leukemia : Malignant tumor of hematopoietic lineage that proliferate as individual cells. 4-Lymphoma : Malignant tumor of hematopoietic lineage that proliferate as solid mass.

Oncogenes and cell growth:

Types of oncogenes:

1-Stimulators of cell division: -Cellular oncogene- proteins involved in signaling pathway via tyrosine phosphorylation ( Ex: Src or Abl ). Function: Regulate cell division. -Cellular oncogene-proteins act as transcription factors ( EX: fos and Jun ). Function: Regulate gene transcription.

N 2-Tumor suppressor genes:

  • Cellular oncogene-proteins that suppress cell growth. Mutation in anti-oncogene; loss of function. Examples: - P53 : Nuclear protein that suppresses tumor growth. - Rb : Suppressor of retinoblastoma. 3-Regulators of apoptosis:
  • Bcl-2 : Anti-apoptotic oncogene found in B-cell follicular lymphoma.
  • Bax : pro-apoptotic oncogene.
  • Bcl-2/ Bax ratio control whether the cell survive or die.

Examples: 1-Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): -Found in fetal liver normally. -Found in serum of patient with colorectal cancer. 2-α-fetoprotein: (AFP): alpha-globulin: -Found normally in fetal liver.

  • Found in serum of patient with liver cancer. 3-HER2/neu:
  • Breast cancer.

Immune Surveillance:

1-Innate immunity: A-Role of NK cells in tumor killing:

N 2-Adaptive immunity: A -The Antibodies and Humoral response. :See the effector lymphocyte function lecture. B-CTL effect: -Direct cytotoxicity by effector CD8 cells. C-DTH effect: -The effector CD4 function.