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Personally Speaking
Personally Speaking
Reading page 6
1.1 emotion (n) /Iˈməʊʃən/ a feeling, e.g. happiness, fear, sadness ●^ I can’t describe my emotions when my dog died. ➣ emotional (adj) 1.2 facial expression (n) /ˈfeɪʃl ɪksˈpreʃn/ what you are feeling or thinking shown on your face ●^ You could tell he had heard good news from his happy facial expression. 1.3 body language (n) /ˈbɒdi ˈlæŋgwɪʤ/ what you are feeling or thinking shown by the position of your body ●^ Her body language showed she was confident: she stood up straight and held her head high. 1.4 communicate (v) /kəmˈjuːnɪkeɪt/ share information with sb ● I communicate with my sister by email. ➣ communication (n), communicative (adj) 1.5 disgust (n) /dɪsˈgʌst/ a feeling that sth is unpleasant ●^ She felt disgust when she saw the dirty food. ➣ disgust (v), disgusting, disgusted (adj) 1.6 anxiety (n) /æŋˈzaɪəti/ a feeling of worry ●^ Try to control any anxiety you feel before exams. ➣ anxious (adj) 1.7 guess (v) /ges/ form an opinion without having full knowledge of a situation ●^ I guessed she was angry as she didn’t talk to me all afternoon. ➣ guess (n) 1.8 find out (phr v) /faɪnd aʊt/ discover ● The neuroscientist wants to find out what happens in our brains when we experience fear. 1.9 spread (v) /spred/ reach a large number of people ●^ Fear quickly spread in the bank when a man with a gun walked in. ➣ spread (n) ✎ Also: rumours spread like wildfire
Word Focus page 6
1.10 neuroscientist (n) /njʊərəʊˈsaɪəntɪst/ a scientist who studies the brain and nervous system ●^ The neuroscientist gave a talk about how the brain works. ➣ neuroscience (n) 1.11 nervous system (n) /ˈnɜːvəs ˈsɪstəm/ all the nerves in your body ●^ The nervous system allows the brain to send messages to the body so it can move. 1.12 study (n) /ˈstʌdi/ a particular piece of research ●^ The neuroscience student read many studies on the nervous system. ➣ study (v)
1.13 particular (adj) /pəˈtɪkjʊlə/ used to emphasise that you are talking about one thing; specific ● I remember what happened one particular day; it was 2nd^ July. ➣ particularly (adv) 1.14 automatic (adj) /ɔːtəˈmætɪk/ done without thinking ●^ Breathing is an automatic function of the body. ➣ automatically (adv) 1.15 instinctively (adv) /ɪnˈstɪŋktɪvli/ (acting) without thinking ●^ The cat ran instinctively when it saw the angry dog. ➣ instinct (n), instinctive (adj) 1.16 neutral (adj) /ˈnjuːtrəl/ neither positive nor negative ● He didn’t take my side in the argument or hers. He remained neutral. ➣ neutrality (n), neutrally (adv) 1.17 motor (adj) /ˈməʊtə/ relating to muscles, nerves and parts of the brain that control movement ● Our motor skills develop slowly, so children take time to learn how to hold a pencil. 1.18 muscle (n) /mʌsl/ a part of body that holds bones together and makes them move ●^ The leg muscles of a track athlete are very strong. ➣ muscular (adj) 1.19 nerve (n) /nɜːv/ a long fibre along which messages are sent from your brain to a part of your body or from a part of your body to your brain ●^ If you damage a nerve, you might be paralysed. 1.20 mechanism (n) /ˈmekənɪzəm/ an aspect of your behaviour which helps you deal with a situation ● Crying is an automatic mechanism which happens when you feel sad. 1.21 deal with (phr v) /diːl wɪð/ recognise sth like an unpleasant emotion or a difficult situation and remain in control of yourself in spite of it ● He couldn’t deal with the death of his mother and was depressed for a long time.
Reading pages 6–
1.22 fearful (adj) /ˈfɪəfʊl/ showing or feeling fear ●^ Her body language showed how fearful she was of dogs. ➣ fear (v, n) 1.23 posture (n) /ˈpɒsʧə/ the way you stand ●^ Dancers tend to have good posture and stand up straight. 1.24 process (v) /ˈprəʊses/ deal with sth in a systematic way ● The brain processes information it receives so a person knows how to react. ➣ process (n)
1.25 lead (to) (v) /liːd (tuː)/ cause ● Too much fear can lead to a panic attack.
1.26 response (n) /rɪˈspɒns/ a reaction ●^ A common response to danger is to run away fast. ➣ respond (v), responsive (adj)
1.27 visual (adj) /ˈvɪʒʊəl/ relating to sight or things you can see ●^ Artists have a very good visual imagination. ➣ vision (n)
1.28 conscious (adj) /ˈkɒnʃəs/ aware ●^ Your conscious mind is the part of your brain that you use to think. ➣ consciousness (n), consciously (adv) ✎ Opp: unconscious
1.29 mind (n) /maɪnd/ thoughts ● Her mind told her not to be afraid of the dark, but her instincts said otherwise.
1.30 aware (of) (adj) /əˈwɛː (ɒv)/ knowing about sth ●^ I’m aware it’s late but I don’t want to go to bed yet. ➣ awareness (n)
1.31 concentrate (on) (v) /ˈkɒnsəntreɪt (ɒn)/ focus on sth ●^ The neuroscientist's study concentrates on how we deal with fear. ➣ concentration (n)
1.32 react (v) /rɪˈækt/ behave in a certain way towards sth or sb ●^ Police officers are trained to react calmly in dangerous situations. ➣ reaction (n), reactionary (adj)
1.33 still (adj) /stɪl/ not moving ● Don't move! Stay still!
1.34 image (n) /ˈɪmɪʤ/ a picture; a photo ●^ Some journalists take images of world events on their mobile phones.
1.35 carry out (phr v) /ˈkæri aʊt/ do or complete sth ●^ Research is being carried out on how we react to frightening situations.
1.36 prove (v) /pruːv/ show to be true ●^ The scientists hope to prove that there is life on other planets. ➣ proof (n)
1.37 observer (n) /əbˈzəːvə/ sb who watches or notices sth ● A few observers saw the boy stealing the shoes from the shop. ➣ observe (v)
1.38 still (n) /stɪl/ a photograph taken from a film for publicity purposes ●^ Look at these stills and tell me if you recognise any of the actors. ➣ still (adj)
1.39 participant (n) /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ sb who takes part ●^ The participants in the study had to look at stills of scared people. ➣ participate (v), participation (n)
1.40 armed robber (n) /ɑːmd ˈrɒbə/ sb who robs a person or place using a gun or other weapon ●^ The armed robber shot the bank manager and ran off with the money.
1.41 pour (v) /pɔː/ put (liquid) in a cup or glass ● He poured me a cup of tea, but I was too shaken to hold the cup.
1.42 region (n) /ˈriːdʒən/ area ● She felt a sudden pain in the region of her stomach. ➣ regional (adj) 1.43 connected (to) (adj) /kəˈnektɪd (tuː)/ related to ●^ The way we react to films is often connected to the type of music we can hear. ➣ connect (v), connection (n) 1.44 responsible (for) (adj) /rɪˈspɒnsəbl (fɔː)/ causing ●^ The nervous system is responsible for transmitting messages from the brain to the body. ➣ responsibility (n) 1.45 activate (v) /ˈæktɪveɪt/ make sth start to work ●^ Scary images activate the visual part of the brain and we then feel fear. ➣ activation (n), activated (adj) ✎ Opp: deactivate 1.46 flock (n) /flɒk/ a group of birds, sheep or goats ● A flock of birds flew inland to escape the dangerous storm at sea. ➣ flock (v) 1.47 take off (phr v) /teɪk ɒf/ leave the ground ●^ Hundreds of birds took off and flew away when they heard the gunshot. ➣ take-off (n) 1.48 extremely (adv) /ɪkˈstriːmli/ very much ●^ ‘It is extremely important to catch this dangerous armed robber,’ said the police officer. ➣ extreme (n, adj) 1.49 evolutionary (adj) /iːvəˈluːʃənri/ relating to gradual change ●^ At some point in their evolutionary history, dolphins returned to the sea. ➣ evolve (v), evolution (n) 1.50 prey (n) /preɪ/ an animal hunted by another ● Mice are the prey of many large birds. ➣ prey (v) 1.51 fraction (n) /ˈfrækʃn/ a very small amount ●^ In a fraction of a second, panic spread through the room. 1.52 evaluate (v) /ɪˈvæljʊeɪt/ judge ●^ The bank manager evaluated the situation and called the police when she realised that someone had stolen the money. ➣ evaluation (n) 1.53 break out (phr v) /breɪk aʊt/ start suddenly ●^ The building was totally destroyed by the fire that broke out. 1.54 adopt (v) /əˈdɒpt/ copy; start to use ● The child soon adopted the bad behaviour of his new classmates. ➣ adoption (n) 1.55 rationalise (v) /ˈræʃənəlaɪz/ think of reasons to justify or explain sth ● (^) He tried to rationalise his fears, but he failed. ➣ rational (adj), rationally (adv) 1.56 focus (on) (v) /ˈfəʊkəs (ɒn)/ concentrate on ●^ In this study, we focus on the nervous system. ➣ focus (n)
1.86 lonely (adj) /ˈləʊnli/ unhappy because you are alone ●^ He felt lonely after his wife left him. ➣ loneliness (n)
1.87 convey (v) /kənˈveɪ/ communicate feelings or information ●^ He conveyed his best wishes to the happy couple by email.
1.88 fright (n) /ˈfraɪt/ a strong feeling of fear ●^ I got a fright when Ted jumped out from behind the door. ➣ frighten (v), frightening, frightened (adj)
1.89 experience (n) /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ a particular event, feeling, etc that sb has had ● My last holiday was the best experience of my life. ➣ experience (v)
1.90 award (n) /əˈwɔːrd/ sth you give to sb to reward them for sth they have done ●^ He won an award for best actor in a play. ➣ award (v)
1.91 proud (adj) /praʊd/ pleased with yourself or sb else ●^ We were proud when our son passed all his exams. ➣ pride (n), proudly (adv)
1.92 optimism (n) /ˈɒptɪmɪzm/ hopefulness; the tendency to expect the best to happen ● Your optimism makes everyone feel positive too. ➣ optimistic (adj) ✎ Opp: pessimism
1.93 enthusiasm (n) /ɪnˈθjuːziæzm/ great interest ● The boy’s enthusiasm for football meant that he trained every day. ➣ enthusiastic (adj), enthusiastically (adv)
1.94 slam (v) /slæm/ close loudly ●^ Don’t slam the door. Close it quietly! ➣ slam (n)
1.95 annoy (v) /əˈnɔɪ/ make angry ●^ Her younger brother always tried to annoy her by putting spiders in her bed. ➣ annoyance (n), annoying, annoyed (adj), annoyingly (adv)
1.96 eager (adj) /ˈiːgə/ keen; willing ● She was eager to do well, so she worked very hard. ➣ eagerness (n), eagerly (adv)
Adjective endings
-ed armed beloved disappointed terrified
-al cultural facial irrational neutral visual
-ous anxious disastrous
-ble terrible uncontrollable
-ic automatic robotic specific
Grammar page 9
1.97 left-handed (adj) /left-ˈhændɪd/ using your left hand to write ●^ I’m left-handed and can’t write at all with my right hand. ➣ left-handedness (n) ✎ Opp: right-handed 1.98 trait (n) /treɪt/ a quality, good or bad, in sb’s character ●^ Personality traits such as optimism tend to run in families. 1.99 pass on (phr v) /pɑːs ɒn/ to go from one generation to another ●^ She passed on her blue eyes to two of her children. ✎ Syn: pass down 1.100 gene (n) /ʤiːn/ a part of a chromosome which contains genetic information ● The colour of your eyes and hair is determined by your genes. 1.101 tend (to) (v) /tend tuː/ often do a particular thing ●^ People who are creative tend to become artists, writers, actors or musicians. ➣ tendency (n) 1.102 occur (v) /əˈkɜː/ happen ●^ What time did the accident occur? ➣ occurrence (n) 1.103 stressed (adj) /strest/ so worried that you cannot relax ●^ I got stressed in the heavy traffic as I knew I would be late for work. ➣ stress (v, n), stressful (adj) 1.104 cliff (n) /klɪf/ a high area of land next to the sea ● There are high cliffs on the island of Santorini.
Listening page 10
1.105 freak out (phr v) /friːk aʊt/ suddenly feel shocked; become angry ●^ Dad freaked out when I crashed his car. 1.106 weird (adj) /wɪəd/ very strange ●^ It’s weird that Ken knew about the party because I didn’t tell him. ➣ weirdly (adv) 1.107 turn up (phr v) /tɜːn ʌp/ come; appear ●^ To my surprise, my friends turned up at the airport to say goodbye. 1.108 cheer up (phr v) /ʧɪər ʌp/ feel better ● She cheered up when she heard that she hadn’t done badly in the test. 1.109 terrified (adj) /ˈterɪfaɪd/ very frightened ●^ He won’t swim in the sea because he’s terrified of sharks. ➣ terrify (v), terrifying (adj) 1.110 disappointed (adj) /dɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/ sad because sth you expected did not happen ● (^) I felt disappointed because I wasn't invited to the party. ➣ disappoint (v), disappointment (n) 1.111 absence (n) /ˈæbsəns/ being away from a place ● She’s got loads of absences from school, so she might have to repeat the class. ➣ absent (adj)
Phrasal verbs
bottle up break out burst into calm down carry out
cheer up chicken out find out freak out get away
pass on take off turn up
Use your English page 13
1.127 bottle up (phr v) /ˈbɒtl ʌp/ not express your feelings ●^ Harry bottled up his feelings so nobody knew how sad he was. 1.128 burst into (phr v) /bɜːst ˈɪntuː/ show sudden emotion ●^ Little Mary burst into tears when she fell over. 1.129 calm down (phr v) /kɑːm daʊn/ stop being angry or excited ● Stop shouting and try to calm down. 1.130 chicken out (phr v) /ˈʧɪkɪn aʊt/ be too scared to do sth ●^ He wanted to ask her on a date, but chickened out when he saw her talking to another boy. 1.131 loneliness (n) /ˈləʊnlinəs/ a feeling of sadness because you are alone ●^ The old lady had no family and suffered from loneliness. ➣ lonely (adj) 1.132 depression (n) /dɪˈpreʃn/ a serious feeling of sadness ●^ People who suffer from depression feel very low and they need medical treatment. ➣ depress (v), depressed, depressing (adj) 1.133 specific (adj) /spəˈsɪfɪk/ particular ● The scientist gave his assistant specific instructions. ➣ specify (v), specifically (adv) 1.134 acrophobia (n) /ækrəˈfəʊbɪə/ fear of heights ●^ He suffers from acrophobia, so he cannot go near the edge of the balcony. ➣ acrophobic (adj) 1.135 claustrophobia (n) /klɒstrəˈfəʊbɪə/ fear of closed-in places ●^ I won’t take the lift as I have claustrophobia and I panic in small spaces. ➣ claustrophobic (adj) 1.136 excessive (adj) /ɪkˈsesɪv/ more than is reasonable ●^ An excessive fear of crowds means he cannot go to the town centre. ➣ excess (n), excessively (adv) 1.137 disastrous (adj) /dɪˈzɑːstrəs/ having very bad consequences ● The storm was disastrous and destroyed all the farmers’ crops. ➣ disaster (n), disastrously (adv) 1.138 involve (v) /ɪnˈvɒlv/ be a necessary part or consequence of sth ● (^) Getting over a phobia often involves facing the thing you fear. ➣ involvement (n)
1.112 inability (n) /ɪnəˈbɪləti/ being unable to do sth ● He regretted his inability to speak German when he went to Frankfurt. ✎ Opp: ability
1.113 poor (adj) /pɔː/ bad ●^ Since you stopped studying, your grades have become poor. ➣ poorly (adj)
1.114 severe (adj) /sɪˈvɪə/ very bad; serious ●^ She has a severe phobia of open spaces and never leaves the house. ➣ severity (n)
1.115 extreme (adj) /ɪkˈstriːm/ very great in degree or intensity; more severe or unusual than you would expect ●^ We have had extreme weather recently, with freezing temperatures. ➣ extremely (adv)
1.116 irrational (adj) /ɪˈræʃənl/ not based on reason ● Jumping out the window was an irrational reaction to the small fire. ➣ irrationality (n), irrationally (adv) ✎ Opp: rational
1.117 anxious (adj) /ˈæŋkʃəs/ nervous or worried ●^ She felt anxious before her driving lesson, but in the end there was nothing to worry about. ➣ anxiety (n), anxiously (adv)
1.118 over-rated (adj) /əʊvə-ˈreɪtɪd/ reported to be better than it actually is ● (^) Everyone said that the book is good, but I thought it was over-rated and didn’t like it at all. ➣ over-rate (v)
1.119 lack (of) (n) /læk (ɒv)/ not having any or enough ●^ She refused to lend Jack her car as she had a lack of confidence in his driving abilities. ➣ lack (v)
1.120 overhear (v) /əʊvəˈhɪə/ hear without sb knowing you are listening ● He overheard his teacher and the headmaster talking about his grades.
Grammar page 12
1.121 sore (adj) /sɔː/ painful ●^ I’ve got a sore throat and a headache.
1.122 pale (adj) /peıl/ lacking colour ●^ She was tired and looked pale.
1.123 explode (v) /ɪkˈspləʊd/ burst with great violence ●^ When the bomb exploded, it destroyed the house. ➣ explosion (n), explosive (adj)
1.124 downtown (adj) /ˈdaʊntaʊn/ situated in the central part of a city ● They took a taxi to downtown Chicago. ➣ downtown (n, adv)
1.125 down (adj) /daʊn/ depressed; very sad ●^ The constant rain made me feel down.
1.126 starving (adj) /ˈstɑːvɪŋ/ very hungry ●^ I’m starving. What’s for supper? ➣ starve (v), starvation (n)
1.167 practise (v) /ˈpræktɪs/ do an activity ● She’s a doctor and has been practising medicine for 20 years.
1.168 community (n) /kəˈmjuːnəti/ the people living in an area ●^ We live in a friendly community where people help each other out.
1.169 make a living (expr) /meɪk ə ˈlɪvɪŋ/ work and earn money ●^ He makes a living as a doctor.
1.170 field (n) /fiːld/ an area in which you work or study ●^ My field is neuroscience and I study how people experience fear.
1.171 train (v) /treɪn/ teach ● I have trained my dog to bring me the newspaper! ➣ training, trainer (n) 1.173 regard (v) /rɪˈgɑːd/ consider ●^ He regards Einstein as the greatest physicist of the last century. 1.174 beyond (prep) /bɪˈjɒnd/ on the further side of sth ●^ The explorer wanted to explore the area beyond the mountains. 1.175 culture (n) /ˈkʌltʃə/ the beliefs and arts of a civilisation ● (^) You should buy a book about the culture of the country you are going to visit. ➣ cultural (adj)
