Eleonora Atzeni
Politecnico di Torino
Department of Management and Production Engineering
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Gestionale e della Produzione (DIGEP)
eleonora.atz[email protected]
Additive Manufacturing
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Additive Manufacturing: Concepts, Processes, and Applications, Dispense di Sistemi di Produzione
Descrizione delle tecnologie di produzione di tipo additivo
Tipologia: Dispense
2015/2016
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Eleonora Atzeni
Politecnico di Torino
Department of Management and Production Engineering Dipartimento di Ingegneria Gestionale e della Produzione (DIGEP)
[email protected]
Additive Manufacturing
Topics Additive Manufacturing Basic concepts Processes Applications
Prototyping The original purpose of AM was the simple «model making» Models help designers to present the conceptual design Prototyping is the process of developing solutions in a piecewise fashion that allows clients to test ideas and provide feedback during the development process Prototypes are required to validate the design. They supply information on Form, Fit, Function AIM: to shorten product development times and costs
Prototype Characteristics of prototypes Conceptual prototype Functional prototype Technical prototype Pre-series prototype AIM
- Geometry evaluation - Evaluation of performances by functional tests - Evaluation of product performances and process Final evaluation of the product (only small changes are admitted)
- Assembly Test
- Analysis of technical issues - Optimization of the product for its function - Optimization of fabrication techniques MATERIAL Any Similar Very Similar Final FABRICATION TECHNIQUE Any Any Similar Final
2013 – 348 machines for
metals (+76% in one year)
A Brief History of Layer Manufacturing
1984 - Chuck files US patent 4,575,330 for SLA
1987 - Rapid Prototyping became a commercial reality
1990 - Layer manufactured parts used as casting patterns
1995 - Layer manufactured parts used as tools
2000 - Layer manufactured parts
used as production parts
2011 – 49,000 machines globally
(in total since 1984)
Historical Development 1990 2000 2010
System
development
Conceptual, functional and technical prototypes Tooling and casting applications, pre-series production
End-usable
products
Final Products and Market Value Product Process Market Value Prototypes Rapid Prototyping €€ Casting Patterns and Cores Rapid Casting € Tool Cavities or inserts Rapid Tooling € End-usable Parts Additive Manufacturing
AM Steps
Additive Manufacturing processes are automated systems that take
2 - dimensional layers of computer data and rebuild them into 3D solid objects.
The STL Format
STL is a generic format that is specific to the AM technology. This STL format was
developed by 3D Systems, USA, who was the first company to commercialize an
AM technology and called the file format “STL” after their stereolithography
technology.
The STL file format was made public domain to allow all CAD vendors to access it
easily and hopefully integrate it into their systems. This strategy has been
successful and STL is now a standard output for nearly all solid modeling CAD
systems and has also been adopted by AM system vendors.
The STL Format STL uses triangles to describe the surfaces to be built. Each triangle is described as three points and a facet normal vector indicating the outward side of the triangle, in a manner similar to the following: facet normal - 4.470293E- 02 7.003503E- 01 - 7.123981E- 01 outer loop vertex - 2.812284E+00 2.298693E+01 0.000000E+ vertex - 2.812284E+00 2.296699E+01 - 1.960784E- 02 vertex - 3.124760E+00 2.296699E+01 0.000000E+ endloop endfacet Triangularization of outside and inside surfaces of a wire-drive for a textile machine
AM Steps
Additive Manufacturing processes are automated systems that take 2-
dimensional layers of computer data and rebuild them into 3D solid objects.
AM Steps
The STL file describing the part must be transferred to the AM machine. Here,
there may be some general manipulation of the file so that it is the correct size,
position, and orientation for building.
Supports
Slicing