1. Borrowing is an English word that means, in the linguistic field, ‘a word or idea taken
from another language and used in one's own language.’
‘Calque’ is a word taken from another language by literally translating its elements in
the TLO.
‘Clipping’ is a verb that, in its literal meaning, refers to a ‘trim’ or, simpler, to a ‘cut’.
When used in the linguistic field, it refers to the process in which a word is shortened
by removing one or more syllables but the meaning of the word is kept.
2. An example of ‘borrowing a word' from a language can be the use of ‘weekend’ in
italian. Even if this word has an italian equivalent (which is ‘fine settimana’) that
carries the same concept, the English word is more common and it's very used even
when we receive or send a text, a message or an email, regardless if the receiver is a
friend or a doctor, for example.
An example of calque can be explain with the words 'point of view’. The italian
translation would be 'punto di vista', where 'punto' is the italian equivalent of 'point',
'di' is 'of' and 'vista' is 'view’. In this way we have a literal translation without
changing the original meaning.
A clipped word in italian, which is very common, is the word ‘auto’ instead of
‘automobile’. It translates to ‘car’ both ways but the first one is literally ‘car’ in
English, meanwhile, the second one can be closer to the words ‘mobile’ and ‘car’ put
together.
3. Depending on the context, using loan words in Italian, can be a sign of a modern and
effective communication. It can make a conversation smarter, easier, more
cosmopolitan and international.
The perfect example of this statement could be the borrowed word we saw at the
beginning: (a) using ‘weekend’ instead of ‘fine settimana’ is a sign of modernity and
can be a faster way to say or ask something, since we use one word instead of two.
(b) Calque words are also important in the efficiency of international communication.
For instance, if we have to translate something, we know that calque words keep
their meaning even if we translate using the word for word method. This Is the case
of ‘point of view’, very used in books or blogs when reading fictions and stories.
(c) The clipped word ‘auto’ is often used in TV commercials, when its object is, in
fact, a car. This method is used by TVs and advertisers to appear closer to the target
audience. By appearing closer, they convey confidence to the consumers, that would
probably feel more drived to buy the commercial's object.
I personally think that using loan words, as Sokolova said, is more about sounding cool than
filling a linguistic gap. Sometimes they can be used to appear younger because I feel like
there is a common belief that teenagers and young people in general use a lot of loan words.
I agree with Sokolova when it comes to the real knowledge of English among the people that
