Ch.1: What is the smallest unit of analysis of word structure?
-It is the Morpheme and the analysis of words into morphemes is called morphemic analysis. Morphemes
can be free, so a word without any additional elements “love”, or bound, that is only ever found as part of a
word and are called affixes that may be prefixes “unhappy” or suffixes “lover”.
What is the difference between derivational and inflectional affixes?
-Inflectional affixes are always suffixes, they signal a grammatical relationship (friend-s); Derivational affixes
can be either prefixes or suffixes and may indicate a different meaning of a word or a different part of speech
(impossible/rapidity (adj->noun).
What are the two major types of word formation in the English language?
-Affixation, that involves forming new words by adding prefixes or suffixes to existing words, giving rise to
derivatives(writers-write-er-s); and compounding, that involves combining two or more existing words giving
rise to compounds(businesswoman).
What is the most common translation strategy when there are no direct equivalents of derivational affixes
across the source and the target language?
-The most common translation procedure is a paraphrase because of lack of equivalence. Ex 1.6.1.
Ch.2: What is collocation?
-It is the tendency of certain word to co-occur regularly in a given language. When two words collocate the
relationship can hold between all or several of their various forms combined in any grammatical acceptable
order: “achieving aims/achievable aims”.
How does the collocational range of a word change in language use?
-It depends on the context in which the word is used and on the number of senses that the word has, for
example *child* may be accompanied by terms like “little, good, obedient” and *pet* collocates with words
like “domestic, family”, but both in an advertising offering farmhouse holiday collocate with “welcome”;
*bank* can collocate with “money, business” but in its other sense with “east, west, river”.
What are the most common translation strategies when there are no direct equivalents of collocates
across the source and the target language?
-They are: use of a hypernym, a word with a broad meaning constituting a category into which words with
more specific meanings fall, ex: sport is a hypernym of football; use of a loan word, so an expression/word
borrowed as it is from SL to TL or use of loan word with an explanation.
Ex 2.6.1b.
Ch.3: What is wordplay?
-It is a witticism that often relies for its effect on playing with the different meanings of a polysemic word or
on bringing two homonyms (words with same sound and spelling but different meaning- Bank) together in
the same utterance.
How many different types of wordplay are examined in Ch. 3?
-Two, Homonymy and Polysemy.
What are the most common translation strategies when there are no direct equivalent puns across the
source and the target language?
We can translate a pun with a pun of similar form and different meaning; similar meaning and different form;
paraphrase the original giving only the meaning but not the joke; write a rhetorical device only to recreate
the effect of the pun (ex. Using irony); omit the entire pun and introduce it into the TT in another part of the
text for compensation; report the pun as it is from ST to TT and add explanatory footnotes or comments
provided by the translator.
Ex 3.6.1.
