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ENERAL
EMBRYOLOGY
1
Etiology
branch
of
biology describing all
the
phenomena
exhibited
in
the
formation
and
development
of
theembryo
Reproduction
sexual
asexual
biological process
by
which
new
individual
organismsare
produced
fromparents
offsprings
Gametogenesis
formation
and
maturation
of
sexcells
duringoogenesisand
spermatogenesis
Live
pregnancy
method
of
reproduction
in
humans
mammals
due
toegg
development
entirely
in
mothersuterus
Insamination
and
fertilisation
processwhen
sperm
enterfemale
genital
tract
by
act
of
copulation
artificialinsemination
recognition
and
fusionbetween
onesperm
cell
and
an
egg
anthogenesis encompases
all
transformations
in
organism
from
fertilisation
untildeath
prenatalperiod
ebryology's object
ofstudy
postnatal
Gestation
period
age
of
conceived
organism
49,
S
last
menstrual
period
to
date
of
birth
38
weeks
or
260
days
calculated
from
fertilisation
untilbirth
stages
of
prenatalperiod
T.EE
I ns
fetal week
a
untilbirth
AMETOGENESIS female
and
male
reproductive
cycles
preservesthe
human
chromosome
formula
across
generations
46
chromosomes
44
autosomes
and
2
gonosomes
x
female
gonosome
final
male
unsey
livision
of
any
cell
if iii
iii
iiima
ns.n.ma.n.e.fi
ii
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
division
sex
cells gametes Telophase
It
fii
neati
yg
haploid
formula
ph
iar
m
iiision
Imlay
feliction
division cell
inovary
undergoes
reducesnumbers
of
chromosomes
at
haploid
formula
meiosis
to
form
own
Is all
this
to
make
sureof
spelling
secdndar
y.me
otic
lvision
equal
similar
to
mitosis
cells
double
and
contain
23
chromosomes
Results
of
meiosis
reduction
of
chromosomes
to
haploid
formula
46 2323
newgenetic
combination
in
haploid
chromosomes
due
tocrossing
over
establishment
of
gonosomein
gametes oocyte
x or
the
sperm scly
ff.nl
hIieismmihaI
thewall
of
the
yolk
sack
to
the
gonadalridge
and
transform
oogonia
oogoniaare
surrounded
by
primordial
corticlefollicles
of
thefetal
ovary
and
become
primary
oocytes
primary
oocytes
multiplicate
mitosis
during
thefetal
period
until 5 ᵗ ʰ
month
before
birth
number
dropsbelow
a
million
ovary
and
at
puberty
only
remain
primary
oocytes
contain
a
diploid
formula
beginthefirst
phase
of
meiosis
at
birth
andremain
in
this
stage
until
puberty
est
arrest
profase
During
the
menstrual
cycle
puberty menopause
onaverage asingle
primary
oocyte
will
continue
primary
meiotic
division
fitting
a if
macterium
in
1st
meiotic
phase
thendegenerate
a
oocyte
withhaploidformula
22 _x
and
entire
cytoplasma
of 1
oocyte
1stpolar
body
small
no
cytoplasma
andhaploid
nucleus
the
a
oocyte
expelled
by
ovulation
is
in
an
incompletemeiosis
a
only
complete
in
case
of
fertilisation
inside
fertilized
egg
creating
and
polar
body
the
phases
of
theovarian
cycle
lovogenic
and
follicular
are
m
REREyy.pt
1
and
2
folliclescontain
the
1
oocytes
in
prophase
of
meiosis
a
3
maturefollicle
contains
thesecondary
oocyteand
the
1stpolarbody
4
meioticdivision
then
intheaphf.se
99g
isat
the
beginning of
meiosis
I
ovogenesis
a
single
mature
egg
and 2 3
polar
bodies
develop
from
a
single 1
oocyte
7
oocyte
is
the
largest
call
of
the
human
body
diameter
of
microns
conte
dermal
layers
ovolema
zona
pellucida
Sild
Space
between
the
ovolema
andzona
pellucida
contains
the
1stand
fertilized
and
polar
body
Ooplasma composed
of
cytoplasma
round
nudeus location
varies
with
haploid
formula
atx
ovulated
remainsviable
in
female
genital
tract
and
capable
ofbeing
fertilised
for
24
hours
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLES
1
Ovarian
cycle
2
Menstrual
cycle
3
Pregnancycycle
VARIAN
CYCLE
begins
in
puberty
lasts
untilmenopause
hasmonthly
rpm
fish
iicle.itiifngherp
emone
regulated
by
hypothalamic
pituitary
hormones
and
GnRHwith FSHand
LH
phases
ofcycleand
duration
during
28
day
menstrual
cycle
follicular
phase
i as
iii
iiiti.int
IfIt s
contain
400000 500000 primordial
follicles
composed
primary
oocyte
surrounded
by
layer
of
epithelial
follicular
cells
granular
cells
postperiod
of
latency
only
300
primordial
follicles
mature puberty menopause
maturation
occurs
in
3
stages
sametime
as
ovogenesis
PRIMARYFOLLICLE
4
grows
from
primordial
follicle
under
influence
of
FSH
has
shape
of
full
spheroid
Posit
in
oocyte
surrounded
by
proliferated
granular
cells
rearrange in
several
layers
granular
cells
secrete
amorphouspolysacharidic
material
forming
semipermeable
refractile membrane
zona
pellucida possessesactive
transportation capabilities
several
premordial
follicles
are
activated
515
only
one
reaches
a
follicle
stage
except
fraternal
twin
pregnancies
remaining
follicle
regress
becoming
atresia
Layout
confluences
of
small
interior
spaces
formed
in
antral
stage
eccentric
cavity
forms
the
follicular
antrum
contains
gelatinousfluid
glycoproteins
andestrogen
ˢ
A
oocyte
islarger is
eccentric
in a
group
of
granular
cells
surrounded
by
zona
pellucida
fi
i
iri i
j
tiraig
ard
L
snaped
crown
Peripheral
granular
cells
differentiate
into
2
sheaths
internalsheath
formed
by
secretory
cells
thecal endocrinocytes
synthesizeestrogen
external
dense
fibrous
conjunctive
material
EE.EE
IE
i
i
EE
a
i
amra
theca
cells
start
undergoing
luteinization
begin
producing
progesterone
VULATION
ovulation
expulsion
of 2
oocyte
and
follicular
fluid
frommaturefollicle
every
month
1 is
released
alternatively
between
ovaries
ovulation
occurs
due
to
local
and
extra
gonadal
factors
increased
LH
luteinhormone
increased
intra
follicular
pressure
proteolytic
enzyme a
projectioninside
follicle
prostaglandin
secretion
local
vasodilation
Egg
composed
of
secondary
oocyte
protective
cover
zona
pellucida
radial
crown
4
detached
from
comulus oophurus
is
now
free
Thiela
follicle
transforms
intothecorpus
luteum
Lutinisathanular
cellsaccumulatelutein
yellow
lipidic
pigment
becoming
lutealcells
secreting
progesterone
cells
of
internalsheathscontribute
to
formation
of
luteum
body
secretion
of
othersteroids
CH
allows
process
of
luteinisation
formation
of
luteum
body
to
take
ifeggis
fertilized Luteum
body
persists
continues
togrow
occupies
nearly
half
of
theovarian
surface
becoming
thegestational
luteum
body
jiiiigpegtig.fi
i
begins
secreting
progesterone
Fertilization
doesn't
occur
luteum
body
devolves
fibrous
scar corpus
albicans
IN
OVULATION
PHASE
E
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
the
endometrium
is
prepared
for
implantation
of
fertilized
egg
from
puberty
menopause
under
influence
of
ovarian
hormones
endometrialmodifications
are
cyclical
lasting
approximately
28
599 licular
phase
luteal
phase
ischemic
phase
menstral
phase
SPERM
PENETRATION
1stphaseof
fert
is
penetration
throughcorona
radiata
acrosome
containshialuronidase
moving
cells
in
contactlocation
2nd
penetration
throughzona
pellucida
proteolyticactivity
3rd
fusion
of
egg
andsperm
membranes
sperm
enters
cyto
of
egg
tail
falls
off
and
dies
REACTION
OF
EGG
plasmatic
membrane
due
to
acrosomal
enzyme
neuraminidase formsshield barrier
for
other
sperm
blockedpenetration
2
oocyte
finalizes
2nd
meiosis
post
penetration
becoming
mature
egg
and
polar
body
GENERAL
EMBRIOLOGY
2
it iii
Eating
iii iii
replication
no
of
cells
formed
quickly
as
zygoteprogresses
IE
iiiE amaaamnains
size
of
morula
zygote
blastomeres
get
smaller
larger
centralblastomeres
macronnersform
internal
cell mass
forming
embryoblast formsfetus
smaller
blastomeres
form
trophoblasts
and
later
on
the
placenta
4 days
after
fertilisation
liquid space
formsinside morula
the
process
of
blastocyst
genesisbegins
formation
of
early
blastocyst
MPLANTATION
take
3 daysfor
zygote to
transverse
thefallopian
tube
Before implantation
there
are 35
more
days
of
free
floating
in
uterine
cavity
implantationoccurs
day
6
after
fort
takes
6 8
days
fertilized
egg
is
in
blastocyst
phase
during
implantation
phase
zona
pellucidaprevents implant
in
fallopian
tube
mucosa
disapears when
reaching
uterine
cavity
attachment
to
endometrium
endometrium
is
ready for
implantation
lot
in
abundant
vase
network
moreglands
blastocystinvades
endometrial
layers
implants deep
in
stroma
maternal
bloodfrom
rupturedcapillaries
irrigatessyncytio
trophoblast
Forming
bemochorial
placenta
thedestroyed
endometrial
epi
regrows
and
covers
the
blasto
Implant
occurs
anterior
posterior
fondus
uteri
abnormal
implantation
results
in
forms
of
ectopic
pregnancies
LASTOCYSTFORMATION
3
stages
unilaminar
blast
gel
ÉI
begins
day
4
postfert
C
appearing
of
blasto
cavity in
themorula
micromeresformthe
trophoblast
and
macromeres
theembryoblast
ftp.E
n
iation
of
trophoblast
earliest extra embryonic
membrane
fetalplacentadevelops
single
layer
surrounding
blasto
differentiation
of
embryoblast
compact
group
of
attached
to
trophoblast
forms
embryo
blast
andembryonic
pole
differentiate
in
embryonic
disc
form amnion
ayolksac
GASTRULATION
29T
Jenifer
phase
marks
beginning ofembryonicstage
formation
of
intra
embryonic
mesoderm
dayis
post
fert
this
appears
in
caudal
part
of
dorsalbilaminar
blastocyst
lineaprimitive epiblastic
midsagital
prominence
in
the
direction
of
amniotic
cavity
hensenprimativenode mass
of
cells
at
cranial extremity
of
lineaprimitiva
withsmalldepression
line intight Tim
ngtspr.imFve
Gro
the
detach
and
migrate
between
epi
andhypoblast
to
form
chordo
mesodermal
cellmassfrom
which
intra
embryonic
mesoderm
and
notochord develop
intra
embryonic
mesoderm
extends
to
edges
of
the
embryonic
disc
lateral
and
crania
caudal
4
in
contact
with
extra
embryonic
mesoblast
that
covers
yolksac
and
amnion
Trilaminar
embryonic
disc
gastrula
1
germinal
lamina
of
e
disc
forms
3
layers
ectoderm formsdorsal
disk
lamina
floor
wall
of
amniotic
cavity
intra embryonic
mesoderm
intermediate
layer
in
longitudinal
columns scattered
cellsmesenchyme
continued
by
extraembryonic
mesoderm
endoderm disksinternallamina
forming
roof
of
yolk
sack
continued
by
extra
embryonic
endoblast
formation
of
notochord
day
is
invaginated epiblasticcell
from
primitive node form
cranial protuberance
along
midline
between
endoand
epiblast
primitive
fossa
of
thenode
invaginates
inside
he
p
sus
notochord
is
forms
narrow
canal
processus
notochordisdevolves
and
integrated
into
underlying
endoderm
notochordal
canal
communicates
with
yolk
sac
and
amniotic
cavity
neurentric
canal
definitive
notochorddevelops
fromprocessus
notochordis interspaced
in
endoderm
solid
cordonresult
detaches from
endoderm
L
tubularstructure
and
elongates
with
crania
caudal
growth
of
thedisk
EUROLATION
day
18
postfert
lasts
until
end
of
week
4
infinite
t.it
ii
infhnsP
tiIg
ftp.h
neural
plate
abovenotochord
and
anteriorpremative
node
develops
and
folds
neural
groove
neuro
ectodermalbandsconnect
platewith
ectoderm neural
crest
L
whichfuse
along
midline
transf
grooveto
tube
closing
cervical
region
progresses
toward
bothends
tube stays
open
at
both sides trough 2
orifices cranial
and
caudal
neuropores
both
talk
with
amniotic
cavity
get
lost
in
week
4
spinal
chord
formsfrom
middle
and
caudal
pts
or
tube
anterior
pt
formscerebral
vesicles
