English genetic engineering, Skripte von Englisch

Abitur 2021 Operator comment and discussion Information about genetic engineering Verfahrenstechniken Arguments

Art: Skripte

2020/2021

Hochgeladen am 07.05.2021

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English: Exam Preparation
Comment and Discussion
Discussion (zwei Gegensätzliche Argumentationen) & Comment (deine Argumentationslinie und eine
and Argumentationslinie)
1. Vorbereitung: - know your line of argumentation, brainstorm, develop Thesis
- write rough outline,
(beginning with Thesis=proof needed too 5 facts that support your
thesis at last conclusion that thesis is proven or not)
2. Introduction: - Einleitungssatz und Zielsetzung
- last sentence should contain thesis
3.0. Main part discussion: First line of argument: Pro (not nessecerally)
- look at the problem from one side
- write at least three paragraphs that support your thesis
Second line of argument: Con (“)
- look at the problem from a different side
- address any counterclaims = at l. 3 paragraphs
3.1. Main part comment:Your line of argument
- look a the problem from your point of view
- refer to at least three aspects and state your position on these
-don’t forget plausible reason = support your view with examples,
statistics, relevant quotes etc.
Other lines of argumentation
- not strictly necessary although useful
- might help to prove your point when you show that you are able to
think of counter arguments, and how you deal with them
-don’t forget plausible reason = support your views with evidence
Note:
- instead of stating all pro arguments and then all con, you may also
contrast each arguments (ABABAB) for with an against the issue
right away
- concentrate on about three, preferably the most important aspects
and discuss these in detail
4. Conclusion: - conclude your discussion/ comment with a paragraph that
sums up the evidence presented and restate thesis
- state which side seems more supportable and makes more sense
- you may add personal feelings about the topic, say how you see the
topic in the context of other related issues and/ or five an outlook in
how the issue in question might develop in the future
-don’t forget in any case, mere repetition of arguments must be
avoided!
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English: Exam Preparation

Comment and Discussion Discussion (zwei Gegensätzliche Argumentationen) & Comment (deine Argumentationslinie und eine and Argumentationslinie)

  1. Vorbereitung: - know your line of argumentation, brainstorm, develop Thesis
    • write rough outline, (beginning with Thesis=proof needed too 5 facts that support your thesis at last conclusion that thesis is proven or not)
  2. Introduction: - Einleitungssatz und Zielsetzung
    • last sentence should contain thesis 3.0. Main part discussion: First line of argument: Pro (not nessecerally)
  • look at the problem from one side
  • write at least three paragraphs that support your thesis Second line of argument: Con (“)
  • look at the problem from a different side
  • address any counterclaims = at l. 3 paragraphs 3.1. Main part comment: Your line of argument
  • look a the problem from your point of view
  • refer to at least three aspects and state your position on these
  • don’t forget plausible reason = support your view with examples, statistics, relevant quotes etc. Other lines of argumentation
  • not strictly necessary although useful
  • might help to prove your point when you show that you are able to think of counter arguments, and how you deal with them
  • don’t forget plausible reason = support your views with evidence Note:
  • instead of stating all pro arguments and then all con, you may also contrast each arguments (ABABAB) for with an against the issue right away
  • concentrate on about three, preferably the most important aspects and discuss these in detail
  1. Conclusion: - conclude your discussion/ comment with a paragraph that sums up the evidence presented and restate thesis
  • state which side seems more supportable and makes more sense
  • you may add personal feelings about the topic, say how you see the topic in the context of other related issues and/ or five an outlook in how the issue in question might develop in the future
  • don’t forget in any case, mere repetition of arguments must be avoided!

Language support in regard to the essays: Introduction:

- The text raises the questions of.../ introduces the problem of…

  • The problem/ issue that is touched upon here is…
  • The statement/ text illustrates the basic problem/ dilemma of… Lines of argument: my point of view
  • Consider the fact that…
  • Another important point/ factor/ argument is…
  • You also have to take into consideration that…
  • I am convinced that…
  • Above all, it is important to note.../ it must be said.../ one cannot ignore…
  • to be in favor of something
  • to strongly support/ oppose something
  • to argue for/ against something Lines of argument: balancing points of view
  • On the one hand…, on the other hand…
  • Whereas A…, B…
  • In contrast to A..., B…
  • From B’s point of view, however,...
  • Looking at the problem from A’s sidem, you have to admit that…
  • Supporters/ Opponents of… argue/might argue that…
  • Another argument/ point/ reason that is often put forward is…
  • Others maintain/ claim/ assert Personal Conclusion: - I rather agree/ disagree with…
  • As opposed to…, I definitely believe that...
  • In my opinion,.../ As I see it,.../ Personally…
  • As far as I am concerned
  • Finally, I would like to point out that…
  • Taking into account what has been said so far, I…
  • Having considered the different arguments, I…
  • Looking at the two sides, I have to say…
  • To sum up, I am of the opinion that…
  • To come to a final conclusion, I thi Genetic Engineering How does it work? - gene of interest from source (such as bacteria, viruses, plants, animals) is inserted into the “target” organism
    • result : organism with inserted “gene of interest” is now able to carry out the new trait or characteristics Strongest Pro’s in regard to genetic engineering:
    1. Production of nutrient-rich foods
      • helpful with overpopulation
  • as result it can continue to survive and potentially become even more harmful
  1. Loss of biodiversity, lost of identification
  • study published in the graduate school of Arts and Science at Harvard University
  • could cause decline of biodiversity
  • Loss of biodiversity in the environment means lower chances of adaptation and survival of organisms to changing environment
  1. The rise of “invasive species”
  • increase in the GMO crops and animals could lead to the rise of invasive species
  • GM organisms are often better adapted to the environments that they were modified for, they out-compete naturally occurring plants and animals
  • in science, such organisms are termed as “invasive species”
  • they are basically organisms with uncontrollable growth of populations up to a degree that already harms organisms and the environment
  1. Economic consequences (Gap between rich and poor, 2 class society)
  • Because of the technology used to create genetically modified crops and animals, private companies that produce them do not share their products at a reasonable cost with the public
  1. Social and Ethical Concerns:
  • for critics, genetic engineering has no resemblance to the natural process of breeding
  • this is because in the process, a different gene is forced to combine to the genes of an organism
  • in addition, they believe that the process is somewhat disrupting the natural way and complexity of life
  • in addition to this, critics fear the misuse and abuse of biotechnology
  • irreversible
  • Wealth Gap
  • research and execution of possible treatments would be unethical because of the accompanying destruction of human embryos
  • Uninformed Consent: Parents decide before the kid gets the chance, on t. o. Hand -> Parents already do, just not to such an extent
  1. Being born for a purpose can cause identificational problems (my sisters keeper) or sence of duty, maybe debt Pro.: 1.Much of the worlds crops are animal crop, which we could use for human produce, the land is already there, just not used properly! At the moment we are planting to feed up to and probably far over 60 Billion land animals. Thats far more people who would have to be fed 3.”god gave us this technology and(...) her second chance at life” (article of Family Nash) Con.: 1.chinesische Physiker und Wissenschaftler He Jiankui, Kritik löste vor allem Hes Handeln und Auftreten aus. Er agierte im Alleingang, stellte sich über alle und ließ das eintreten, vor dem Ethikräte, Ärzte und Wissenschaftler schon lange warnen: He griff in das Erbgut der Embryonen ein. Dies wird

weitervererbt, ob es bei nachfolgenden Generationen Folgen hat und welche, ist nicht bekannt. (Artikel Nana und Lulu) 2.One corn variety developed by Monsanto has more than 200 unpredicted changes resulting from the side-effects of the genetic engineering process. The corn, for example, has higher levels of putrescine and cadaverine. These pleasant-sounding compounds are responsible for the foul smell of rotting dead bodies. They also contribute to bad breath and are linked to allergies and cancer. 7.Experten warnten in der Wissenschaftszeitschrift „Nature“ wegen unvorhersehbarer Folgen vor den Veränderungen: „In our view, genome editing in human embryos using current technologies could have unpredictable effects on future generations. This makes it dangerous and ethically unacceptable.“

  1. five from 30 embryos were passable, at the fourth attempt it worked (Nash) Genetic engineering quotes: 1. „Ebenso wie die Atomphysik öffnet die Gentechnik dem Menschen sowohl ein Tor zum Himmel als auch zur Hölle. Wer die Geschichte der Menschheit kennt, weiß schon jetzt, durch welches Tor sie letztlich gehen wird.“ - J. Reus (1959-2006), deutscher Journalist, Satiriker, Aphoristiker und LyrikeWolfgang 2. „Die Kritiker der Gentechnologie versuchen, die Angst zu klonen.“ -Hans-Jürgen Quadbeck-Seeger (*1939)r., Mitglied der Enquête-Kommission für Gentechnik des Deutschen Bundestages 3. Religion: „Behandelt die Menschen so, wie ihr selbst von ihnen behandelt werden wollt – das ist es, was das Gesetz und die Propheten fordern.“ -Matthäus-Evangelium 7, 4. Religion: „Gott segnete sie und Gott sprach zu ihnen: Seid fruchtbar und vermehrt euch, bevölkert die Erde, unterwerft sie euch und herrscht über die Fische des Meeres, über die Vögel des Himmels und über alle Tiere, die sich auf dem Land regen.“ -Genesis, 1, 28

Important terms in regard to genetic engineering:

genetic engineering gene manipulation, a new gene is produced, the process of manipulation an organism's genome with biotechnology cloning production of the same copies of a gene in an organism genetically modified/ transgenic organism the product of genetic engineering gene of interest a gene that portraits the characteristics one bioengineer is looking to reproduce hybridization Crossing diff. indiv. = together better organism genetics Genetik

the “corrected” cells back into the patient, where they produce healthy hemoglobin. The treatment changes the patient’s blood cells, but not his or her sperm or eggs. The germline editing affects all cells in an organism, including eggs and sperm is passed onto future generations. The possible consequences of that are difficult to predict. On the other hand, it alters the genome of a human embryo at its earliest stages.