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A21 Grammar, Day 1, Exercises
1. In the LSGSWE Workbook, do the following exercises
Page Exercise No. 12 4 13 5 14 6, 7 15 9 17 1, 2 18 3, 4
2. The word round is one of the most versatile in the English language. What word class does it belong to in the following examples? Justify your answers.
- There’s a story going round about his relation with one of his employees.
- Mary used to wander round the town late at night.
- Bill was concerned that he hadn’t made the meatballs round enough.
- Jim bought us another round of drinks.
- Mary rounded the corner too fast and lost control of her bike. 2. Clause level parsing: Analyze the following main clauses in terms of the function and form of their immediate constituents.
(1) The man that we met yesterday seemed really weird.
Function
Form
(2) What I don’t know is how to stop wanting all the things I want.
Function
Form
(3) My mother bought a new car yesterday.
Function
Form
2. (Reasonably) full parsing: Analyze the following main clauses in terms of the function and form of their immediate constituents, and then analyze the constituents themselves. Here’s a partial example:
(1) The man that we met yesterday seemed really weird.
Function (^) Subject V Subject Predicative
Form Noun Phrase VP Adjective phrase
The man that we met yesterday seemed really weird
Function (^) Det Head Postmodifier Head Premod Head
Form Det Noun Dependent clause verb AdvP Adjective
Comment: Whenever you have a formal category (a phrase or a clause) you can analyze it terms of the function and form of its constituents, and you can keep going until you have reached the word level. The example in (1) is only partially analyzed since I have left a dependent clause and an adverb phrase unanalyzed. Now you try:
(2) My mother bought an umbrella yesterday.
Function
Form
Function
Form
(4) I never finished the book.
Function
Form
Function
Form
… and a pretty ‘deep’ one (try to go all the way down to the word level)
(4) The black cat was crossing the road when I saw that it had been injured.
Function
Form
Is old a pronoun in (2)? Why/Why not?
(c) Now consider the following:
(4) I bought two books yesterday, but both of them were boring. (5) I bought two books on Friday but both were equally boring. (6) I’ll buy four books today and three tomorrow.
Is both a pronoun in (4) and (5)? Why/Why not?
Is three a pronoun in (6)? Why/Why not?
- Most of the behaviour of ____ wild animals is guided by ____ instinct.
- ____Englishmen are said to be great lovers of ____ animals.
- ____ History of ____ pop music dates from Elvis’ first recordings in ____ mid-50s.
- _____ Hebrides have always attracted _____ poets with a strong interest in ____ nature?
- ____ Late Stuart Sutcliff gave up ____ music in ____ favour of ____ art of painting.
- After ____ dinner, my father always asks my sister to play ____ piano, and then all ____ children are sent off to _____ bed.
- I still remember ____ last Sunday that I spent with my family before I went off to take my seat in ____ Congress.
- I går hade jag huvudvärk, och i dag har jag tandvärk. En sån otrolig otur!
- En del astronomer tror att fysikens lagar kanske inte är de samma i hela universum. 4. For each of the NPs (including ones that are parts of other NPs) in the following sentences, specify what kind of reference it has (specific, definite, generic etc.). If any NP is ambiguous in terms of its reference, specify how, and, if possible, why.
- The father of one of my students called the principal yesterday.
- A teacher at my daughter’s school was picked up by the police last night.
- All the candidates for the job will be interviewed by a member of the faculty.
- Candidates who handed in their applications too late were sent a letter explaining why the hiring committee had decided not to consider them for the position.
Food for thought and speculation
1. In the lecture (last slide on p. 3) I say that predicative NPs are not really referential. Are there other NPs which are not referential? (hint: some NPs without determiners should be good candidates, if we think that determiners are required for reference.) What is the difference between reference and meaning? Can an NP have meaning but no reference and vice versa?
A21 Grammar, Day 3, Exercises
1. In the LSGSWE Workbook, do the following exercises
Page Exercise No. 66f 5 67 6, 7 68 8 70 10
2: Adjective phrases and participles as pre- or postmodifiers
A)A)A)A) Describe the grammatical difference and the difference in meaning between the following pairsDescribe the grammatical difference and the difference in meaning between the following pairsDescribe the grammatical difference and the difference in meaning between the following pairsDescribe the grammatical difference and the difference in meaning between the following pairs of sentences.of sentences.of sentences.of sentences.
(a) The present teachers have decided not to attend the principal’s dinner. (b) The teachers present have decided not to attend the principal’s dinner.
(a) The principal wanted to talk privately with the parents concerned. (b) The principal wanted to talk privately with the concerned parents.
d) The man who you should talk to is Mr Johnson.
4 Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses A)A)A)A) Determine whether the relative clauses in the following sentences are restrictive or nonDetermine whether the relative clauses in the following sentences are restrictive or nonDetermine whether the relative clauses in the following sentences are restrictive or nonDetermine whether the relative clauses in the following sentences are restrictive or non---- restrictive. The sentences are prrestrictive. The sentences are prrestrictive. The sentences are prrestrictive. The sentences are presented without punctuation, so as to avoid giving any clues. Noteesented without punctuation, so as to avoid giving any clues. Noteesented without punctuation, so as to avoid giving any clues. Noteesented without punctuation, so as to avoid giving any clues. Note the cases where the relative could be interpreted either way, and say how that affects thethe cases where the relative could be interpreted either way, and say how that affects thethe cases where the relative could be interpreted either way, and say how that affects thethe cases where the relative could be interpreted either way, and say how that affects the interpretation and punctuation.interpretation and punctuation.interpretation and punctuation.interpretation and punctuation.
a) I totally freaked out over the e-mail which accused me of having destroyed the server.
b) Last summer they went back to Paris which is where they first met.
c) The only thing he told us was that there would be an exam at the end of the course.
d) The guitar which Ozzy gave me has been stolen.
e) The police wanted to talk to the employees on the first floor who had seen the burglars leave the building.
5.5.5.5. Translate the following Swedish sentences into EnglishTranslate the following Swedish sentences into EnglishTranslate the following Swedish sentences into EnglishTranslate the following Swedish sentences into English a) Jag har tre bröder av vilka en bär på viruset.
b) Vi kontrollerade uppgifterna med de anställda som bekräftade att allt Smith hade sagt var sant.
c) Mary sa ingenting, vilket förvånade alla som var i rummet.
d) De närvarande föräldrarna röstade mot lärarnas förslag.
