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ABCTE PTK- Effective Instructional
Delivery Study Guide
Indirect Instruction - โ student-centered and interactive; teachers facilitate small-group & cooperative learning Indirect instruction aids with teaching... - โ abstraction, concepts, patterns, inquiry, problem-solving and discovery learning Direct Instruction - โ teacher-centered; teachers give explicit, structured instruction using lesson plans Direct instruction aids with teaching... - โ facts, rules, & sequences; breaking down textbook or workbook material; lower Bloom's Taxonomy; & gaining student interest What essential cognitive process do many students fail to do before beginning activities, and why is this step important? - โ Planning; Planning is important because students use working memory to rehearse information in short-term memory and prompt the move into long-term memory for retention Deductive Learning - โ 1. Overall concept or rule presented.
- Students work with examples to apply concept or rule. (rule --> examples) Inductive Learning - โ 1. Students study examples of content.
- Students make generalizations, leading to an understanding of the rule (examples --> rule) Deductive Reasoning - โ top-down, general-to-specific process; beginning from a general theory --> narrowing down to a more specific hypothesis --> testing --> drawing specific conclusions; moving from generalizing (or rule) to specific examples or activities Inductive Reasoning - โ bottom-up, specific-to-general process; beginning from accumulating specific info --> identifying principles --> drawing conclusions or general principles; moving from specific examples to generalizing (or a rule) How can teachers structure class logically? - โ 1. Present problems, then solutions.
- Frame topics as stories.
- Chronologically recount processes & events
- Show interconnected ideas' relationships to overarching themes.
- Share outlines.
- Transition between topics using mini summaries, connections or verbal signals
What are some methods to aid in student comprehension & emphasize importance? - โ
- Repeat key concepts & ideas.
- Compare & Contrast
- Summarize
- Use analogies & metaphors. List some methods to stimulate student interest in new material. - โ 1. Anecdotes
- Examples
- Connect topics to prior knowledge, experiences, interests, values, & utility How can listeners demonstrate active listening? - โ 1. Use verbal & nonverbal signals
- Ask questions to clarify
- Restate main points for speaker to confirm or correct. What are the 6 levels of Bloom's Taxonomy? - โ 1. Knowledge
- Comprehension
- Application
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- Evaluation Bloom's Level: Evaluation - โ ability to judge value of material (statement, novel, poem, research report) for a given purpose Bloom's Level: Synthesis - โ ability to put parts together to form a new whole; may include: production of unique theme or speech, plan of operations (such as a research proposal) Bloom's Level: Analysis - โ ability to break down material into its component parts so its organizational structure may be understood; may include identification of parts, analysis of relationships between parts & recognition of principles involved Bloom's Level: Application - โ ability to use learned material in new & concrete situations; may include application of rules, methods, concepts, principles, laws & theories Bloom's Level: Comprehension - โ ability to grasp meaning of material; can be shown by: translating material from one form to another, explaining or summarizing, & predicting consequences or effects Bloom's Level: Knowledge - โ remembering of previously learned material (recall of material) What are some activities that demonstrate the Evaluation level? - โ Apply assessment criteria to own and others' work
Critical Thinking - โ ability to question, evaluate & judge information or material (i.e. distinguish fact from fiction, look for evidence, judge quality of information, etc.) Problem solving involves what 4 steps? - โ 1. Identifying a problem.
- Generating alternative solutions.
- Testing these through implementation.
- Evaluating their effectiveness. What 3 things are required for successful problem solving? - โ 1. Focus for problem identification.
- Divergent thinking to generate alternatives.
- Critical thinking to evaluate results. What are some benefits of student planning before a project? - โ Students are able to organize structure, devote equal or appropriately weighted duration to different parts, stay on schedule & complete them within prescribed time-frames What is the purpose of assigning independent study methods? - โ Independent study develops initiative, self-determination, self-reliance, self-direction & self-improvement in individual students. What are some advantages of independent study activities? - โ 1. Students have more choices over learning materials, topics, approaches, practices, and more autonomy in completing assignments.
- Flexibility- can be used with one student or small groups; combine it with other strategies, or make it the main whole-class instructional strategies
- Free teaching time What are some examples of independent study activities & methods? - โ doing homework, writing reports or essays, learning contracts, correspondence courses & lessons, computer-assisted instruction, research projects, learning activity packages, assigned questions, & learning centers Experiential Learning - โ student-centered, activity-oriented instructional strategy where students use inductive reasoning to discover information & insights ("hands-on" learning) What are some critical components of effective experiential learning? - โ formulating plans to apply learning to other contexts & reflecting personally about learning experiences When is student comprehension and retention higher: through experiential learning, passive activities or receptive activities? - โ experiential learning
What are some examples of experiential learning? - โ administering surveys, building models, taking field trips, making field observations, conducting simulations, playing games, role-playing, focused imaging, & conducting experiments The scientific method is an example of which type of learning? - โ experiential learning Interactive Instruction - โ teaching strategy that enables a range of different interactive methods & ways of grouping students; places a major emphasis on having students exchange ideas & work together What are some examples of interactive instruction? - โ 1. debates
- student panels, role-playing exercises (also used in experiential learning)
- discussion (feature of indirect instruction)
- practicing academic skills & tasks with peers
- cooperative learning groups
- lab groups (also experimental & experiential learning)
- circle of knowledge group
- tutorial groups (including peer tutoring)
- conducting interviews with peers What items should always be included in an effective lesson plan? - โ 1. Learning Objectives
- Student Activities (including estimates of times & materials needed)
- Alternative Plans for any Absent Students
- Assessments (including tests, homework & classwork) How can a teacher prepare for unexpected leftover time at the end of a period? - โ Create mini-lessons, including reviews of the day's material What are 2 reasons for continuous charting & monitoring of student progress? - โ 1. Gives teachers information on student progress with short-term, discrete objectives (allows for immediate feedback, and when necessary, immediate reteaching)
- Gives students visual depictions of their learning. How can the use of continuous charting & monitoring help a teacher in the classroom? - โ serves as ongoing evaluation with immediate feedback; can be used as a communication mechanism with parents, other teachers, administrators & students; can serve as an instructional planning guide Scaffolding - โ temporary support that enables students to complete tasks that they cannot accomplish on their own at that time Describe the steps involved in scaffolded instruction. - โ Step 1: The teacher models how to perform a difficult or unfamiliar task. Step 2: Teacher & students work together to perform a task.
Why should teachers design lessons that specifically teach thinking & learning strategies? - โ help students develop critical & creative thinking & learning skills What strategies can teachers use to encourage reflection & making sense of new information? - โ have students write or discuss in their own words how to integrate new information with their existing ideas, approaches & opinions How can teachers help develop self-confidence in students? - โ Teachers should model self-confidence in thinking & reasoning processes. How can teachers incorporate individualized options in lesson plans? - โ assignment choices, modalities for multiple intelligences, varying instruction & application sequences What are the benefits of warm-up activities? - โ ensure class begins as the students enter the room & makes the most of instructional time; minimize student disruption problems because these activities increase structured instructional time What is the maximum length of time teachers should devote to lectures? - โ 15- minutes Demonstrations - โ teachers show students a technique, process or procedure What are the advantages of a teacher demonstration? - โ increase the likelihood that students will be able to perform the function with minimal assistance What are the advantages of using a worksheet? - โ easy to use & typically come with publishing materials as a supporting piece of instruction; flexible (can be used individually or in groups); easy to score; students are generally engaged when completing worksheets Gallery Walk - โ students move around the room in an organized fashion to observe, analyze & evaluate instructional items that have been placed around the room Graphic Organizers - โ organizational tool Venn Diagrams - โ overlapping circles that represent a relationship between two or more items, with one circle representing each item; overlapping circles represent similarities, while areas that do not overlap represent differences Quadrants - โ four boxes with a space in the middle for a new term; boxes represent: text definition, student definition (in own words), illustration, & how to use the term Which graphic organizer is useful when defining new concepts or vocabulary terms? - โ Quadrants
Frayer Models - โ four boxes with space in the middle; boxes represent: essential characteristics, non-characteristics, examples & non-examples Concept Mapping - โ graphical representations that provide insight into relationships among different concepts Concept Attainment - โ students use critical thinking to determine examples & non- examples as they relate to a certain group or category KWL - โ K: Know (what students know) W: Want (what they want to know) L: Learned (what was learned as a result of the lesson) Recall Questions - โ factual questions with one correct answer; requires knowledge & comprehension Open-Ended Questions - โ have multiple answers which allows for more student responses & expand student participation; generally used as a starting point for group discussion Probing Questions - โ promotes thoughtful inquiry; based on student responses & requires students to go beyond first answers Guiding Questions - โ guide student thinking by channeling the students' though patterns to a desired curricular outcome & cues students' responses; helps maintain momentum of lesson Examples of Recall or Factual Questions - โ Who, what, when...? Examples of Classifying Questions - โ What characteristics do these items have in common? How might these items be organized into categories? Examples of Evaluation Questions - โ How will you know if the answer is correct? What criteria should we use to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment? What are the four types of instructional responses? - โ clarifying, paraphrasing, non- judgmental & advisory Clarifying Questions - โ asks student to reword his thinking to eliminate unnecessary verbiage or incorrect items Paraphrasing - โ involves restating or summarizing the response using different wording
Nominal Brainstorming - โ all students must respond during the brainstorming session before providing a second response Think-Pair-Share - โ Think (students compose an individual response to a question); Pair (students are assigned to another student to share, discuss & combine answers); Share (present response to entire class) Cooperative Learning - โ students work together to complete an assignment or project Guided Discussions - โ type of group discussion; teachers facilitate by asking thoughtful questions that lead students to a defined curricular point; requires students to interpret, describe, generalize, synthesize &/or summarize their prior knowledge Reflective Discussions - โ type of group discussion; asks students to think creatively & critically; teachers ask an introductory question on a contemporary &/or controversial topic; requires students to formulate their opinions on the topic & support them with facts from prior knowledge Learning Centers - โ students rotate through centers to get a variety of ways to interact with curriculum Jigsaw - โ class is broken into small groups, with each group focusing on a specific topic to become experts; groups are then redistributed with each group containing an expert from a different group to share knowledge with everyone RAFT - โ teachers select an overall topic, & then works with students to define Role, Audience, & Format, so students can demonstrate understanding of a topic Portfolio - โ collection of student work that demonstrates their level of achievement & progress over time What are some tips for differentiating a lesson? - โ - Summary activities are independent curricular-based projects that students can personalize.
- Allow students to complete a hands-on project that targets a curricular topic or process.
- Provide authentic situations, so students can understand how concepts work in a real- world setting.
- Use learning centers.
- Include flexible grouping. "Carousel Questions" - โ teacher writes several questions about a content topic on large posters, students circulate among questions sets & add ideas, responses or answers not already included; class shares all student responses, gaining multiple answers to questions
Case Studies - โ students are given real-world stories about things that happened to an individual or group, then apply their content knowledge & skills to authentic situations Critical Explanations - โ teachers ask students to consider reasons or factors that might explain some content-related issues or problems Discussion Webs - โ students consider a content-related issue or problem in small groups, then regroup & share their work & info with classmates from other groups Field Studies - โ students learn about & study issues in their community related to the content they are learning Examples of Field Studies - โ Health Classes might study community nutrition, disease, or consumer health; Earth Science might collect rock samples, identify them & determine local distribution patterns; Social Studies might study local landmarks & associated history What does SWOT stand for? - โ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats; related to career counseling with high school students What are the six procedural steps for direct instruction? - โ 1. Introduction & Review
- Development: Model the skill or knowledge that students will need to demonstrate.
- Guided Practice
- Closure
- Independent Practice
- Evaluation What is the purpose of rhetorical questions? - โ to reinforce or emphasize statements & ideas Closed questions ____________, while open questions promote __________. - โ Closed questions check & focus thinking, while open questions promote student discussion & interaction. Examples of Clarifying Questions - โ What do you mean? Can you elaborate? What do evaluation questions promote? - โ judgement or choice via comparing things & ideas (i.e. Which of these books do you think contributed more to an understanding of the era?) What do application questions promote? - โ requires transferring concepts & principles to different contexts (i.e. How did this demonstrate that?)
