Advanced research topic, Essays (high school) of Computer science

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RESEARCH PORTFOLIO

Table of Contents

• Part 1 (Networking).................................................................................................................
• Introduction.............................................................................................................................
• Open Research Question.......................................................................................................
• Existing and Related Work.....................................................................................................
• Research Approach................................................................................................................
• Personal Investment...............................................................................................................
• Conclusion..............................................................................................................................
• Part 2 (Artificial Intelligence - AI)............................................................................................
• Introduction.............................................................................................................................
• Open Research Question.......................................................................................................
• Existing and Related Work.....................................................................................................
• Research Approach..............................................................................................................
• Personal Investment.............................................................................................................
• Conclusion............................................................................................................................
• Reference List......................................................................................................................

that without being able to be energy efficient neither the device can be able to perform for long nor it can sustain for a longer period of time. Thus the real-world problem of this work is to know the way to find energy harvesting cognitive radio (Leng and Yener, 2019). Therefore, it is indeed the reason for developing a solution for the real-world problem of mitigating the increased cost that is incurred because of increased sensing time and consumption of energy.

Existing and Related Work

Literature Review The above discussion so far has helped to understand the facts that increased sensing time for cognitive radio activities not only cause increased cost but also cause increased energy consumption. In this context, Saifan et al. (2019) mentioned that sensing time routing protocol in terms of cognitive radio networks is found to be more effective to mitigate this. So, the routing protocol especially utilises the licenced wireless channels to perform assigned tasks more efficiently. In addition to this, the other observation in this field of study is related to the activities of the cognitive radio devices in terms of continuous scanning of frequency bands. Contrary to this, Kochar and Garg (2018) argued that not the protocol only, but spectrum sensing activities of cognitive radio use generic algorithms as well. Therefore, it is observed that the activity of continuous scanning of available frequencies consumes a lot of energy and needs further alignment. Literature Gaps in Answering Problems The literature gaps in answering problems, as identified, is related to the availability of required time to conduct this research work to obtain quality data. The research work is found to have taken a lot less time to observe and come to a conclusion. Hence, the quality of this research work is found to have referred to a lot fewer journal articles or books as well. The other gap as identified is related to the financial front of this research work. In this context, it is worth noting that quite a lot of credible resources require a financial subscription to grant full access to them. Related Open Problem The other related open problem in this field of cognitive radio frequency sensing is the issue of cross-layer design. In this context, Cabric et al. (2006) commented that spectrum sensing measurements of energy and collaborative detection are independent of this. Hence, this is found to be referring to information sharing and efficient network usage to attain higher adaptivity. The other utility of spectrum sensing is observed to be related to the reduction in

complexity of operations of the device. However, the problems in this area are - performance issues in sensing activities, other radio interference and multi-user environments. Figure 1: Cross-Layer Design in Cognitive Radio (Source: As influenced by Cabric et al. 2006) The above image helps to properly identify the practical design of a cross-layer design that is vogue in cognitive radio communication. In relation to this, it needs to be understood that the core problem lies in designing a wireless network for cross-layer interaction and service mapping ( CLIASM ).

Research Approach

Research Method The research method that is followed here is found to be secondary qualitative research data. The benefit of using this kind of research data set is related to the availability of resources. In this context, it is found to be cost-effective as well. The reason these sources are readily available and are cost-effective is that they are made up of books and journal articles along with quality magazines. These in turn ensure the authenticity of earlier research works and aid the ongoing research work to remain on track. The following image would better illustrate this -

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approach would help in these aspects of this research work. The best part of this approach is to be able to formulate a hypothesis with a proposal for a solution based on this observation.

Personal Investment

The necessary strengths and experiences that can be gained with the help of this research work are associated with the knowledge gained from this research work. It helps to understand the advantages of database building to learn process algorithms. Additionally, the experiences concerning the information that are collected in databases enrich to plan a blueprint to find out the spectrum availability activities (Lysko and Mfupe, 2019). The strength aspect of understanding the receiver operating characteristics to find out the higher value of a scanning threshold is also found worth investing time for. In this context, the experience that is gathered is all about the utility of deploying a database to reduce energy consumption by lowering the frequency of scanning activity in cognitive radio. Secondary data collection is also found to be helpful in gaining knowledge through authentic resources. Moreover, the deductive approach helps to strengthen the observational capability and the deduction ability as well.

Conclusion

The above piece of work helps to conclude that building a historic database is helpful for reducing the frequency scanning activity of cognitive radio and thus contributes to the longevity of the equipment. Additionally, the disadvantage of this research work highlights the probability of interception in the field of cognitive radio.

Part 2 (Artificial Intelligence - AI)

Introduction

This work would focus on the aspects of socialism and issues related to safety that are related to Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) driven robots. In this context, it is clear that the main motto of deploying robots is to assist humans in their daily chores of life. So, human beings are found to have the tendency of relying on these that include a significant amount of security risks. This piece of work would further highlight the open research question along with existing and related works in this field. In addition to this, a discussion on research approaches with a focus on personal investment points would be followed by concluding remarks. Apart from these, elaboration of the problem statement along with the discussion on a real-world problem would be undertaken. A critical review of the literature with related open problems and advantages and disadvantages of this research work would be illustrated as well.

Open Research Question

The open research question that is associated with this research work is found to be as below- ● How social interactions are causing reduced awareness among humans in perceiving threat aspects? ● Why is reliance on robotics especially on safety aspects not always found to be safe for humans? Problems The description of the identified open research questions, as above, are inclusive of discussion on the role of robotics in the backdrop of daily activities of human lives. In this context, Admoni and Scassellati (2017) are found to be stating that the natural tendency of human beings is to be overly reliant on robots, if and when they are available. This aspect of natural human tendency would lead to reliance on robots for safety assessments as well. In the wake of this nature, human disengagement is often observed in situations that demand stringent threat assessments. Moreover, this kind of human disengagement may result in life- threatening situations and pose a myriad of other problems for the whole human race. Reason and Real-World Problem The measure of the extent of negative impacts of such incidents in the backdrop of a real- world scenario is observed to be the reason for this research work being interesting scientifically. For example - real-world incidents involving Tesla Autopilot Cars are the best fit for this case. In this context, Bartneck and Forlizzi (2004) mentioned that the aspect

In the wake of this circumstance, it is very probable for humans to begin disliking such interactions, as human beings are mostly about emotional expressions. As a consequence, the acceptability of AI from the perspective of socialism may significantly drop. The other negative aspect of this disliking may reflect in the tendency of human beings to ignore any kind of alert by AI. Moreover, this may lead to human disengagement that otherwise would require paying heed to threat alerts of AI.

Research Approach

Research Method The research method that this research work is found to have undertaken is the primary form of quantitative data collection. Contextually, Gaciu (2020) opined that extra caution needs to be exercised to understand the quantitative data analysis to stay clear of being judgemental. The benefits of undertaking quantitative data analysis would be better illustrated by the graphical representation furnished below - Figure 1: Quantitative Data Analysis (Source: As influenced by Gaciu, 2020) The graphical representation above aids to grasp the advantages of this kind of research work to get primary data. Contextually, it is beneficial for the researchers to be able to get information directly from the participants, going through any specific experiment. This is so, as the participants get time to socialise with robots and are able to share their experiences with the researchers as well. Effectiveness

Advantages Disadvantages ●The research work helps create more efficient AI and robotics ●Going forward researches on AI and the socialisation aspect of robots would aid improved workflow ●The development of AI as a consequence of this research would reduce human errors ●Improvement of interaction between a human and a robot as contributed by this research work would ensure round the clock assistance ●The improvements as suggested by this research would increase the financial burden on companies ●Encouragement of more deployment of robots and AI may induce unemployment (Badiuzzaman and Rafiquzzaman, 2020) ●The research projects that human- robot interactions can’t be improved with the help of experience on the part of robots Table 1: Advantages and Disadvantages The above table helps to understand the different advantages and disadvantages points of this research work concerning artificial intelligence. In addition to this, the salience of this research work is found to be revolving around the impacts of human-robot interactions in the backdrop of socialisation. The work shows financial obligations that an institute might incur while adopting robotics in their workflow along with the advantage of getting round clock assistance from them when they require them the most. Approach towards Open Questions An inductive approach is observed to be the best fit for countering the issues that are discussed in the open questions section of this research work. Danaee (2020) opined that an inductive approach helps bring up theoretical solutions that can further be considered to devise real-world solutions to those anticipated problems. Furthermore, with the help of thorough observation, it becomes easy to perceive the context and issues of this research

Reference List

Part 1 Amjad, M., Rehmani, M.H. and Mao, S., 2018. Wireless multimedia cognitive radio networks: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials , 20 (2), pp.1056-1103. D. Cabric, A. Tkachenko, and R. W. Brodersen. 2006. “Spectrum sensing measurements of pilot, energy, collaborative detection,” in Proc. IEEEMILCOM , pp. 1–7. Khalfi, B., Zaid, A. and Hamdaoui, B., 2017, June. When machine learning meets compressive sampling for wideband spectrum sensing. In 2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) (pp. 1120-1125). IEEE. Kochar, S. and Garg, R., 2018. Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Using Genetic Algorithm. International Journal of Online Engineering , 14 (9). Leng, S. and Yener, A., 2019. Age of information minimization for an energy harvesting cognitive radio. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking , 5 (2), pp.427-439. Lysko, A.A. and Mfupe, L., 2019, March. Geolocation Spectrum Database-Based TV Spectrum Availability Predictions versus Measurements for Verulam, South Africa: Overview. In 2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. Riihonen, T., Korpi, D., Turunen, M., Peltola, T., Saikanmäki, J., Valkama, M. and Wichman, R., 2018, October. Tactical communication link under joint jamming and interception by same-frequency simultaneous transmit and receive radio. In MILCOM 2018- 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. Saifan, R., Qaisi, T., Sweidan, A., Alnabelsi, S.H., Darabkh, K.A. and Ala’F, K., 2019, March. A novel reduced sensing time routing protocol in cognitive radio networks. In 2019 International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET) (pp. 556-560). IEEE.

Woiceshyn, J. and Daellenbach, U., 2018. Evaluating inductive vs deductive research in management studies: Implications for authors, editors, and reviewers. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal. Yang, H., Alphones, A., Zhong, W.D., Chen, C. and Xie, X., 2019. Learning-based energy- efficient resource management by heterogeneous RF/VLC for ultra-reliable low-latency industrial IoT networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics , 16 (8), pp.5565-5576. Part 2 Admoni, H., Scassellati, B. 2017. Social Eye Gaze in Human-robot Interaction: A Review. J. Hum.-Robot Interact. 6(1), 25{63} Badiuzzaman, M. and Rafiquzzaman, M., 2020. Automation and Robotics: A Review of Potential Threat on Unskilled and Lower Skilled Labour Unemployment in Highly Populated Countries. International Business Management, 14 (1). Bartneck, C., Forlizzi, J. 2004. A design-centred framework for social human-robot interaction. In: RO-MAN 2004. 13th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. pp. 591{594}. IEEE Bensch, S., Jevti_c, A., Hellstrom, T. 2017. On Interaction Quality in Human-Robot Interaction (02) Danaee Fard, H., 2020. Inductive approach to building theory: Grounded theory strategy. Commercial Strategies, 3 (1), pp.57-70. Gaciu, N., 2020. Understanding Quantitative Data in Educational Research. Sage.California United States. Kaloudi, N. and Li, J., 2020. The ai-based cyber threat landscape: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 53 (1), pp.1-34. Ko, K.S. and Jo, I.J., 2021. Application of Integrated Security Control of Artificial Intelligence Technology and Improvement of Cyber-Threat Response Process. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 21 (10), pp.59-66.