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ALTA Competency Exam
affix - prefix or suffix added to a base word. ex. unhelpful active learning - learning in which the learner mentally searches for connections between new and already known information allophone - a variation of a speech sound (/t/ in top, stop, spits, swift) analytic - pertaining to instruction or a process that separates WHOLE into its PARTS. Analytic phonics separates a whole word into its parts so students can deduce the phonics relationships of the separate orthographic patterns angular gyrus - an area of the brain for visual-verbal associations anomaly - irregularity; deviation from the common notion of fitness or order ARD - advanced reading deck; shows only the letter auditory discrimination - Necessary to "break the code" for reading. It involves being able to perceive the differences between speech sounds and to sequence these sounds into meaningful words. base word - the simplest form of an English word; a word without affixes, such as spell
benchmark measures - progress measurement administered at the end of each schedule, when students have had enough practice breve - a diacritical marking that indicates a short vowel sound Broca's area - posterior portion of the frontal lobe that is in charge of phonological processing and semantics of language. This are in the front left of the brain is responsible for EXPRESSIVE language - articulating spoken words and analyzing words Broca's aphasia - person cannot get the words out but understands cedilla - a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s chameleon prefix - a prefix whose final consonant changes based on the initial letter of the root (in- changes to ir- before regular, irregular); done for euphony circumflex - a diacritical mark (^) placed above a vowel in a combination to indicate accented syllable coarticulation - adjacent sounds often are spoken in such a way that one phoneme seems to overlap, is changed by, and/or modifies another. Coarticulation is the way the brain organizes sequences of vowels and consonants, interweaving the individual movements necessary for each into one smooth whole. In fact, the process applies to all body movement, not just speech, and is part of how homo sapiens work. combination -
discovery teaching - therapist allows students to discover information by asking them questions rather than by telling double-deficit hypothesis - Deficiency in both phoneme awareness and naming speed Dyscalculia - difficulty with math Dysarthia - neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weakness of the musculature necessary for making the coordinated movements of speech production dysgraphia - involves difficulty with writing in the actual motor patterns used in writing and/or formulation of written composition dysnomia - difficulty in word finding Dyspraxia - Difficulty with motor planning; impacts upon a person's ability to coordinate appropriate body movements echolalia - repetition of words or phrases just spoken elison - the omission of a sound or syllable in a word in pronunciation; a language task in which a part is taken away -- also known as deletion
Elkonian boxes - an instructional technique to build phonemic awareness in which the teacher draws a series of squares, repeats a word, and then asks the student to place a token in the appropriate number of boxes to indicate how many phonemes in the target word. E.g., for the target word wish, the students would select three tokens and place each of them in three different boxes embedded phonics - PA & phonics taught implicitly through reading real words in text encoding - spelling; unblending sounds to spell equivocal sounds - uncertain; applied to a letter that represents more than one sound or to a sound that is spelled in more than one way ethnographic observation - a type of qualitative research in which researchers observe, listen, and ask questions to collect descriptive data in order to understand the content, context, and dynamics of an environment etymology - the origin or derivation of a word explicit phonics - Directly tells sounds of letters; teaches how to blend sounds together. Fernald Method - technique for learning words that involves the visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile (VAKT) modalities. The student looks at a word while saying and tracing it. fluency - reading like we speak so we can gain meaning from text; composed of accuracy, rate, and prosody
ISD -
Instant Spelling Deck. It is green. left temporal cortex - area of the brain for language comprehension left frontal cortex - area of the brain for speech production occipital cortex - area of the brain for visual processing macron - a diacritical marking that indicates the long sound of a vowel Matthew Effect - a term coined by Stanovich to describe a phenomenon observed in findings of cumulative advantage for children who read well & have good vocabularies and cumulative disadvantage for those who don't, and thus have lower rates of achievement. Term coined after Biblical passage from the book of Matthew medial - everything except initial and final; letters B-Y in the alphabet Modality/Learning Channel - pathway or channel by which students learn. V-A-K modification - a term used to refer to changes in how an alternate assessment is administered morpheme -
the smallest meaningful linguistic unit; a morpheme may be a whole word, base word, prefix, suffix, or root word. Bound morpheme: a morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes (- ed in spotted, -s in boys, pre- in preview). Free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a whole word (box, plant, tame); also called unbound morpheme. morphology - study of the structure and form of words in language including inflection, derivation, and formation of compounds layers of language - 3-5% other 10-12% Greek 60% Latin 20-25% Anglo-Saxon/Old English Multisensory Teaching - Utilization of more than one pathway to learning: visual, auditory, kinesthetic. onset - initial consonant sound(s) of a syllable (BL ack) Orton-Gillingham Approach - Multisensory method of teaching language-related academic skills that focuses on the structure and use of sounds, syllables, words, sentences, and written discourse. Instruction is explicit, systematic, cumulative, direct, and sequential. orthography - correct written spelling phoneme - sound that is indicated by parentheses = (t) or /t/; there are 44 speech sounds in English Phonemic Awareness -
Blending phonemes into words, segmenting words into individual phonemes and manipulating phonemes in spoken words: VC, CV, CVC, CCVC, CVCC, CCVCC Ex: At, Po, Cat, Step, Fast phonological awareness continuum - rhyme --> alliteration --> sentence segmentation --> syllable segmentation --> compound words blending and segmenting --> onset/rime blending and segmenting --> phoneme blending and segmenting Phonology - sound structure of speech, particularly, the perception, representation, and production of speech sounds prefix - a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning, such as misspell pre-review - a reminder of necessary procedures and review of concepts being practiced primary language skills - Speaking and hearing. Generally born with these. prosody - rhythm (tempo), intonation (pitch and loudness) and phrasing in reading rapid automatic/automatized naming - RAN rime - part of a syllable that contains a vowel and all consonant sounds that come after it (bl-ACK)
root - the essential element of a word without affixes or endings. A root may or may not be a full English base word: pro-gress, pre-cede, or dis-rupt schwa - A symbol represented by an inverted e. It is the sound of an obscure (a) found at the end of an unaccented syllable. secondary language skills - Reading, spelling, and writing. Generally learned. semantics - the aspect of language concerned with meaning sibilant - a speech sound which is uttered with or accompanied by a hissing sound (/s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/) strephosymbolia - term meaning "twisted symbols" coined by Dr. Samuel T. Orton to describe specific dyslexia Skills for Organizing and Reading Efficiently - SkORE Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review (SQ3R) - Study method in which student surveys the assignment, poses a question, reads to answer the question, recites the answer to the question, and reviews the material read. subvocalization - The movement of the lips, tongue, and larynx during silent reading suffix -
VAKT -
visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile voiced/voiceless sounds (cognates) - phonemes produced in the same place of the mouth and in the same manner but that vary in the voicing characteristic (/k/ and /g/) vowel - a class of open speech sounds produced with the passage of air through an open vocal tract (open & voiced) Wernicke's Aphasia - person speaks with ease but does not understand language word blindness - term used in the late 19th & 20th centuries for dyslexia. Word blindness now refers to acquired alexia, "the loss or diminution of ability of reading ability resulting from/or brain trauma, a tumor, or a stroke" (Shaywitz, 2003) nasal phoneme - a sound produced by forcing air through the nose (m, n, ng) stop/plosive phoneme - a sound in which the outgoing air flow is completely stopped (p, b, t, d, c, g) fricative phoneme - a sound that is produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth and lips to make a hissing sound (s, z, sh, zh, th, th, f, v, z, h) affricate phoneme - a consonant sound that consists of a slowly released stop followed by a fricative (ch, j) glide phoneme -
flowing and vowel-like (y, w) liquid phoneme - a sound produced when the lips and/or tongue are passing from the position for one sound to that of another (r, l) accent - stress or emphasis on one syllable in a word or one part of a word; sound is louder, longer & higher. Mouth is open wider while saying an accented syllable. Derivations suffixes - can change the part of speech (please: pleasant, pleasantly, pleasurable). The suffixes -able (- ible), -ness, and -ly make up 27% of all suffixed words
