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Dyslexia*** - adequate intelligence yet trouble with reading, writing and spelling. Strephosymbolia*** - means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. phonetics - the study of speech sounds in spoken language phonological awareness - the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels phonemic awareness - awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words phonics - instruction that connects sounds and letters intensive phonics*** - Intensive phonics refers to the early focused emphasis on teaching and practicing sound/symbol relationships. synthetic phonics*** - explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words Synthetic phonics refers to teaching individual sound/symbol relationships, then blending those learned into words alphabetic principle -
the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters consonant - blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed vowel - open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract phonology, morphology, syntax*** - form of language phonology*** - the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language fluency*** - reading with rapidity and automaticity prosody*** - the rhythmic flow of oral reading pragmatics*** - set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by syntax*** - sentence structure, grammar, usage semantics*** - content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us
symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme morpheme*** - the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc. Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes. morphology*** - the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words fricative - a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z / nasal sound - a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m / continuant sound - a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f / stop consonant sound - a sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b / / d / aspiration*** - puff of air 1066 A.D.*** - Norman invasion, great effect on English language, William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters Number words one to a thousand -
Anglo-Saxon Most of the basic color words - Anglo-Saxon The names of farm, forest and ocean animals - Anglo-Saxon Outer body parts - Anglo-Saxon Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work - Anglo-Saxon Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high - Anglo-Saxon Words with ck: pick, duck, sack - Anglo-Saxon Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook - Anglo-Saxon Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - Anglo-Saxon Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - Anglo-Saxon Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - Anglo-Saxon
Most pronouns: he, she, us - Anglo-Saxon Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - Anglo-Saxon Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - Anglo-Saxon Words with ng - Anglo-Saxon Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - Latin Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - Latin Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - Latin Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - Latin Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - Latin Words with sion: erosion, collision - Latin Words with ssion: passion, expression -
Latin Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy - Latin Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual - Latin Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate - Latin Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor - Latin Words with ular: regular, popular - Latin Words with j: joint, journal - Latin Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge - Latin Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city - Latin Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors - Latin Medical , technical and scientific words - Greek
Rapid letter naming is the key to - automatic word recognition decoding and encoding refer to - applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words are all part of - decoding Effective handwriting instruction includes teaching includes teaching - the correct pencil grip and formation of each letter Beginning of the 20th Century - Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" - Mc Guffey Readers. 1930 to 1960's Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ) - Thought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Mid 50's Rudolph Flesch - Started the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" 1965 NICHD**** - Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. 1967 "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall - This book by Jean Chall caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about.
1960's to Mid 80"s Basal Reading Programs - These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. 1980's Whole Language Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - Developed the Top-Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature. Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. 1985 G. Reid Lyon - Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. 2000 National Reading Panel Report - Produced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." Percentage of students in special ed who can't read - 85% (NICHD) Five critical components of reading instruction*** - phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified) I M F - initial, medial, final Middle - means very center Medial - means between initial and final V -
Alignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds Digraph - two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - two adjacent vowels that blend smoothly together Combinations - pattern of letters which occurs frequently together VC closed*** - a syllable that ends in one or more consonants V open accented*** - a syllable that ends in a vowel V-E vowel consonant e*** - syllable with a v-e situation VV vowel, vowel*** - syllable with a vowel digraph or diphthong VR vowel, r*** - syllable with a vowel r combination
F.S.S. final stable syllable*** - a non phonetic syllable with occurs frequently in the final position of English words. VC - vowel in a closed syllable is short code it with a breve. V - vowel in an open accented syllable is long code it with a macron. V-e - vowel consonant e, the e is silent the vowel is long code it with a macron. V - vowel in an open unaccented syllable, i is short, a is obscure, e o and u are half long. VV - vowel digraph VV - vowel diphthong VR - combination - occurs when a single vowel is followed by a single r in the same syllable. When is Vr not a combination? - Vr r = Vr merry - when followed by two rr's, except for ur ( hurry), Vr v = Vr fire, very when followed by an e or vowel y Base word - plain old English word
ise (is) - French ending ive (iv) - French ending ain (in) - French ending esque (esk) - French ending ile (il) - French ending ique (ik) - French ending ite (it) - French ending current research regarding the brain and developmental dyslexia concludes that - a "glitch" may have taken place during fetal development an individual with dyslexia might experience delays in social development as demonstrated by - lack of good judgment, inability to stick with a game, erratic emotional behavior a student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather that the printed page is - a poor visual learner most students will learn and retain info better if instruction is given through -
multisensory strategies (VKAT) intelligence test*** - identifies intelligence and cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Includes measures of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed (WISC-IV); verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning and short-term memory (Stanford- Binet). Examples: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Stanford-Binet achievement test*** - designed to measure students' specific knowledge and skills (basic academic skills - are they performing at level?). Examples: Woodcock Johnson, California Achievement Test, Stanford Achievement Tests, Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, WRAT( Wide Range Achievement Test) norm-referenced test*** - assessment that (provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses.) Compares a person's score against the scores of people who have already taken the test, the "norming group," a national sample of similar students (any test with research on). Examples: Woodcock Johnson, Stanford Achievement Test, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, California Achievement Test, DIBELS, WRAT, WISC-IV, Stanford Binet criterion-referenced test*** - assessment that (measures knowledge attained and knowledge yet to be acquired in a domain.) tells how well students are performing on specific goals or standards (do they meet the criteria?). Examples: State assessments, Brigance, DIBELS standardized tests*** - any tests that are administered and scored in a pre-specified, standard manner; each test- taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test. curriculum-based measurement*** -
pseudowords*** - nonsense words that are phonetically regular formative data*** - data that provide information about knowledge to be applied to short-term goals. Collected during instruction through instructional activities, homework; used to adjust instructional practices in an effort to maximize student learning. summative data*** - data that provide information about knowledge to be applied to long-term, comprehensive goals. Data collected at the end of a chapter, unit, or course, after instruction has taken place; used to make curriculum decisions, direct future instruction, and improve instructional practices. DIBELS*** - Dynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Skills TPRI*** - Texas Primary Reading Inventory: a screening tool for early literacy skills PALS*** - Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening: comprehensive assessment of a child's early literacy fundamentals that are predictive of future reading success WRAT*** - Wide Range Achievement Test: brief achievement test measuring reading recognition, spelling, arithmetic computation If a student is making A's and B's in the classroom but is a slow reader, the teacher should give what type of assessment*** - informal The Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Education Battery is*** - an academic achievement and norm-referenced test
Grade equivalent scores*** - are not a dependable representation of progress An individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability does not include*** - a prescription for a specific intervention (correct) A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or alternative instruction is known as*** - informal screening The Conner's Rating Scales are used to measure*** - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder acuity*** - keenness of thought or vision (zero in on it and see what's going on) active listening - giving one's full attention to the speaker and making eye contact with him or her structured instruction*** - instruction that follows ordered procedures direct instruction*** - instruction in which concepts are explicitly taught diagnostic teaching*** - teaching that is informed by a continual assessment of student needs prescriptive teaching*** - individualized teaching based on needs
