ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
∆E = hν c = λν
h
m
λ
υ
=
p = mν
E= - 2.178 x 10
n
joule
-18
2
EQUILIBRIUM
[ ]
+ -
a
H A
K = HA
[ ]
- +
b
OH HB
K = B
K
w
=[OH
-
] [H
+
] = 10
-14
@ 25°C
= K
a
x K
b
pH = -log[H
+
], pOH = -log[OH
-
]
14 = pH + pOH
[ ]
-
a
A
pH = pK + log
HA
[ ]
+
b
HB
pOH = pK + log
B
pK
a
= - logK
a
, pK
b
= -logK
b
K
p
= K
c
(RT)
∆n
where ∆n = moles of product gas - moles reactant gas
THERMOCHEMISTRY/KINETICS
∆S
0
=
Σ
S
0
products -
Σ
S
0
reactants
∆H
0
=
Σ
H
0f
products -
Σ
H
0 f
reactants
∆G
0
=
Σ
G
0f
products -
Σ
G
0 f
reactants
∆G
0
= ∆H
0
- T∆S
0
= - RT ln K = -2.303 RT log K
= - n
ℑ
E
0
∆G = ∆G
0
+ RT ln Q = ∆G
0
+ 2.303 RT log Q
q = mc∆T
p
H
C
T
∆
=
∆
ln[A]
t
– ln[A]
0
= -kt
0
1 1
[ ]
t
kt
A A
− =
A
TR
E
k
a
lnln +
−
=1
E = energy υ = velocity
ν = frequency n = principal quantum number
λ= wavelength m = mass
p = momentum
Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 10
8
ms
-1
Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 x 10
-34
Js
Boltzmann’s constant, k = 1.38 x 10
-23
JK
-1
Avagadro’s number = 6.022 x 10
23
molecules mol
-1
Electron charge, e = -1.602 x 10
-19
coulomb
1 electron volt/atom = 96.5 kJmol
-1
Equilibrium constants
K
a
(weak acid)
K
b
(weak base)
K
w
(water)
K
p
(gas pressure)
K
c
(molar concentration)
S
0
= standard entropy
H
0
= standard enthalpy
G
0
= standard free energy
E
0
= standard reduction potential
T = temperature
n = moles
m = mass
q = heat
c = specific heat capacity
C
p
= molar heat capacity at constant pressure
E
a
= activation energy
k = rate constant
A = frequency factor
Faraday’s constant,
ℑ
= 96,500 coulombs per mole
of electrons
Gas Constant, R = 8.31 Jmol
-1
K
-1
= 0.0821 L atm mol
-1
K
-1
= 8.31 volt
coulomb mol
-1
K
-1
