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APUSH Period 3 Notes, Study notes of History

History

APUSH Period 3 Notes, Colonial Period

Typology: Study notes

2025/2026

Uploaded on 06/20/2026

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American Revolutionary Era, 1763 -1789
I. Causes of Rebellion
A. Issues leading to the Revolution
1. Removal of French threat.
a. French territory was reduced to a couple islands.
b. The loyalty of colonists was weakened due to no longer
needing Britain to protect them.
2. Changing British Policy, Unpopular Regulations
a. Writs of Assistance: general (non-specific) search
warrant, an infringement of one’s rights, an invasion of
privacy.
b. Proclamation Line 1763: closed western settlement
beyond the Appalachian Mountains due to the British
having to put down an Ottawa Indian uprising by Chief
Pontiac. Colonists are told that they will be responsible to
pay for their own defense.
c. Sugar Act, 1764: To raise revenue for the cost of war and
empire or to regulate trade?
3. Stamp Act Crisis
a. Stamp Act
b. Stamp Act Congress, 1765
c. United Opposition
d. Repeal of Stamp Act and Declaratory Act, 1766
B. Rising Tensions in the Colonies
1. Townshend Acts
a. Customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, tea
b. Customs officers given new powers to arrest
smugglers
c. Organized dissent in Massachusetts and Virginia
i. Sons of Liberty and mob action
ii. non- importation agreements
iii. Petitions sent to Parliament.
iv.
2. Quartering Act in Boston leads to Boston Massacre
a. Soldiers are provoked to fire by an angry mob to fire into
the crowd
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American Revolutionary Era, 1763 - I. Causes of Rebellion A. Issues leading to the Revolution

  1. Removal of French threat. a. French territory was reduced to a couple islands. b. The loyalty of colonists was weakened due to no longer needing Britain to protect them.
  2. Changing British Policy, Unpopular Regulations a. Writs of Assistance : general (non-specific) search warrant, an infringement of one’s rights, an invasion of privacy. b. Proclamation Line 1763 : closed western settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains due to the British having to put down an Ottawa Indian uprising by Chief Pontiac. Colonists are told that they will be responsible to pay for their own defense. c. Sugar Act, 1764: To raise revenue for the cost of war and empire or to regulate trade?
  3. Stamp Act Crisis a. Stamp Act b. Stamp Act Congress, 1765 c. United Opposition d. Repeal of Stamp Act and Declaratory Act, 1766 B. Rising Tensions in the Colonies
  4. Townshend Acts a. Customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, tea b. Customs officers given new powers to arrest smugglers c. Organized dissent in Massachusetts and Virginia i. Sons of Liberty and mob action ii. non- importation agreements iii. Petitions sent to Parliament. iv.
  5. Quartering Act in Boston leads to Boston Massacre a. Soldiers are provoked to fire by an angry mob to fire into the crowd

b. A fair trial in Boston; John Adams represents the soldiers and they are acquitted.

  1. British Customs ship Gaspee ran aground off the coast of Rhode Island. a. It was seized by 150 colonists who burned the ship to the waterline. b. Suspects were brought back to England for trial. c. Colonists were outraged over the denial of a trial by jury of one’s peers.
  2. Thomas Jefferson proposes that a Committees of Correspondence maintain communication between the revolutionary leaders. This is vital to keeping dissent unified among the colonies and help coordinate strategies for resisting the British government’s policies.
  3. Repeal of the Townshend Acts but a new Tea Act is passed in May 1773 a. The act was unpopular because it the East India Tea Company was granted special favor by parliament that could squeeze American merchants out of business. b. Colonists in all of the port cities organized in reaction to the shipment of the tea. c. Boston Tea Party , December 1773 150 Bostonians dumped the tea in Boston Harbor.
  4. Intolerable or Coercive Acts a. Boston Port Bill b. Quebec Act
  5. The First Continental Congress a. Twelve Colonies meet in Philadelphia b. Planned Boycott, support of Boston and training of colonial militias, send petition of grievances c. Meet again in one year if the problem continues. C. The Shot Heard ‘Round the World
  6. Military Governor Gage sent troops to apprehend John Hancock and Sam Adams and seize colonial munitions.

b. Lack of money c. Lack of military equipment d. Fighting the best army and navy in the world

  1. Fighting in the North a. In the New York campaign the Continental Army narrowly escapes capture b. Washington is able to persuade soldiers at the end of their enlistments to stay on for a couple more weeks. Crossing the Delaware on Christmas night, the army defeats German troops at Trenton, and a week later British troops at Princeton.
  2. Help From Abroad a. Following the victory of Saratoga, the French enter the war in
  3. (Turning point) b. Spain enters the war in 1779. c. Holland enters the war in 1780. F. Winning Independence
  4. Victories in the West and South. a. George Rogers Clark captured British forts Kaskaskia (1778) and Vincennes (1779), giving the United States control of the Northwest Territory. b. British seize Charleston in 1780 and capture over 5000 soldiers. c. British general Cornwallis is to capture what remained of the North Carolina and South Carolina militia. d. British army sees the reversal of fortune: Cowpens, Kings Mountain and Guilford Court house. Cornwallis wins at Guilford Court House at the cost of a third of his troops. e. Cornwallis leads his army to Yorktown to be resupplied, but the French navy blocks the British ships. The Continental Army and French Army force Cornwallis to surrender.
  5. The Treaty of Paris a. Sept 1783 the treaty was signed b. US was granted all lands west to the Mississippi, except Canada
  6. The Impact of the Revolution a. Americans had revolutionary ideas about how government should operate. b.

c. Southern leaders showed little interest in abolishing slavery because the South relied on slavery to sustain its economy. III. The Constitution of the United States A. Early Government

  1. State Constitutions a. The most important political aspect of the revolution was the creation of state Constitutions. John Adams wrote the Constitution of Massachusetts. b. George Mason wrote the Virginia Bill of Rights, a model for the US Bill of Rights. c. Jefferson wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom This statute forbade the state to collect taxes for the established Church.
  2. The Articles of Confederation a. Weak Executive, strong legislature b. States had more power than the national government c. Congress had no power to tax. d. Congress had no power to force states to do what it wanted. e. The national government had the power to declare war and make treaties. f. Its biggest achievement was the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - the basis for governing western lands and developing them into states. g. The Annapolis Convention, one year after the Mt. Vernon Conference i. Nationalists organized to promote the need of a stronger central government. ii. Poorly attended, but they agree to meet the following year in Philadelphia. h. Shays’ Rebellion i. Unrest among Massachusetts farmers over taxes contributing to farm foreclosures ii. iii. More of the colonial leaders realized the need to strengthen the Articles B. The Philadelphia Convention

end to the importation and sale of slaves. On the other hand, southern states felt that slavery was vital to their economy and did not want the government interfering in the slave trade. In the end, the North agreed to wait until 1808 before Congress would be able to ban the slave trade in the United States. e. Election of the President When delegates decided that a president was necessary, there was a disagreement over how he or she should be elected to office. While some delegates felt that the president should be popularly elected, others feared that the electorate would not be informed enough to make a wide decision. They came up with other alternatives such as going through each state's Senate to elect the president. In the end, the two sides compromised with the creation of the Electoral College. Thus, the citizens vote for electors who then vote for the president.

  1. Government Structure under the Constitution a. Division of Powers : Federal and State Powers i. The Federal (national) government has delegated powers. ii. Reserved powers belong to the states. b. Separation of Federal Powers i. The Constitution creates three branches of government
  • executive, legislative, and judicial. ii. Each branch limits the powers of the others in a system of checks and balances.

iii. This plan was influenced by Baron Montesquieu’s Spirit

of Laws. Montesquieu was the most frequently quoted authority on

government and politics in colonial pre-revolutionary British America. Montesquieu's philosophy was that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another”. c. Congress i. The House of Representatives voted directly by the people, set up to be close to the people with two year terms, each representing 30,000 people. Budget bills originate in the house. ii. The Senate served “lordly” six year terms. Each senator was selected by his state’s legislature, thus, represented his state. The senate had oversight on foreign policy. d. The President i. To serve four year term and may be re-elected ii. Commander in chief, head of state, appointments with consent of the Senate iii. Legislatively, signs bills into law and has power of veto.

e. Federal Courts i. Appointed for life by the executive and with consent of the Senate. ii. Congress creates the courts iii. The court has the power to interpret and apply the law to a particular case. 3. The Battle Over Ratification a. Federalists and Anti-Federalists i. The proponents for the US Constitution were known as Federalists. Chief among them were James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. In order to try and win ratification for the new Constitution from the state of New York, they wrote a series of essays all signed Publius that argued their position. These were published over time in the newspaper. The 85 articles are now known as the Federalist papers. ii. The best known anti-federalist was Patrick Henry. These opponents of the new Constitution had many objections. Mainly they felt that the Constitution gave too many rights to the National government. iii. Many of the anti-federalists Many of them were appeased with the addition of the Bill of Rights. b. The Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are commonly referred to as the Bill of Rights. These enumerate freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, include:

  1. Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly 2. the right to keep and bear arms 3.freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause
  2. indictment by a grand jury for any capital or "infamous crime"
  3. guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury
  4. Prohibition of double jeopardy
  5. the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or states.
  6. Washington Becomes President

i) A. Liberty vs. Order in the 1790s.

  1. Hamilton’s Economic Program a. b. c.
  2. Opposition to Hamilton a. b. c.
  3. Declaring Neutrality a. b. c.
  4. The Whiskey Rebellion a. b. c.
  5. Jay’s Treaty a. b. c.
  6. Political Parties a. b. c. B. The Presidency of John Adams
  7. The XYZ Affair a. b. c
  8. The Alien and Sedition Acts a. b. c. C. The Election of 1800
  1. Why Adams Lost a. b. c.
  2. Why Jefferson Won a. b. c. D. Jefferson Takes Office
  3. Reducing Government a. b. c.
  4. Marbury v. Madison a. b. c.
  5. The Louisiana Purchase a. b. c.
  6. Jefferson’s Foreign Policy a. b. c. E. The War of 1812
  7. Native American Residence a. b. c.
  8. War With Britain a. b. c. F. Post War Issues