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APUSH UNIT 4 EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS.
Federalists - correct answer- Alexander Hamilton. Pro-British. Strong federal government. Loose interpretation of the constitution. Upperclass, merchants, bankers. Industrialists Democratic-Republicans - correct answer- Jeffersonians. Thomas Jefferson. Pro-French. State Rights. Strict interpretation of the constitution. Lower/middle classes, farmers. Agrarian/farmers. Election of 1800 (revolution of 1800) - correct answer- John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson. Federalists feared Jefferson would give power back to the states, dismantle the army, overturn Hamilton's financial plans. Republicans thought that the federalists would create a large standing army, impose heavy taxes, use federal troops/courts to suppress dissent, centralize power in the federal government and involve the US in the European war on the side of Britain. Thomas Jefferson--> change from federalists to democratic- republicans. Elites--> commoners. Era of Good Feeling - correct answer- 1817-1823. Disappearance of federalists which allowed Democratic-
Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony. Democrats - correct answer- Andrew Jackson. The "common man." Against the BUS (bank of the united states) and "elite" organizations Whig Party - correct answer- Henry Clay. Anti-Jackson. Strong federal government. For internal improvements and BUS. Midnight Judges - correct answer- 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 under John Adams (2nd President). It would allow Federalists to maintain power in the nation after they were a minority in congress. John Marshall - correct answer- Appointed by John Adams as Chief Justice in the Supreme Court. Federalist. Although he dismissed the Marbury suit to avoid direct political showdown, he said that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, on which Marbury tried to base his appeal, was unconstitutional--judicial review. -McCulloch v. Maryland, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Barron v. Baltimore
Albert Gallatin - correct answer- Watchdog of the Treasury. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and balancing the budget. (1801-1814) Embargo Act (1807) - correct answer- Jefferson. Forbade all exportation of goods from the US. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the US and seizing US ships and men. British impressment--> War of 1812. The US didn't want to be involved, so to weaken Britain and France, the US stopped trade. It hurt the US economy, was repealed in 1809, revived the Federalists, and eventually led to the War of 1812. Panic of 1819 - correct answer- Followed the economic boom of the post-war of 1812. The Second National Bank, trying to dampen land speculation and inflation, called loans, raised interest rates, and received the blame for the panic. Decided commercial interests of the East from the agrarian interests of an expanding West. Panic of 1837 - correct answer- 1837-1844. Crop failures, European financial troubles, Specie Circular 1836 (federal gov. action to dampen inflation brought by land speculation after the closing of the Second National Bank) all led to the Panic. Ruined Martin Van Buren's presidency.
debates over the tariff and internal improvements - correct answer- Federalists supported tariffs and internal improvements. North westerners and Industrialists. Democrats did not. Southerners and farmers. southern defense of slavery - correct answer- -polygenesis: belief that blacks had been created separately and were an inherently inferior race. -economics, history, religion, legality, social good, humanitarianism. Slave Code - correct answer- Early 18th century laws limited the rights of Blacks. Gave almost absolute authority to white masters. Color was the only factor in determining if someone was subject to slave codes. Calhoun's Speech in the U.S. Senate (1837) - correct answer- "positive good" Defended slavery. Second Great Awakening - correct answer- -Religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements
Dorothea Dix - correct answer- argued for the more human treatment of the insane; reformed prisons. Horace Mann - correct answer- First secretary of Massachusetts' Board of Education- responsible for the first law passed to support public schools with taxes. Crusaded during the 1840s to have all schools separate children by age and ability. Utopian Communities - correct answer- idealistic communities. 1840s James Forten - correct answer- American Anti-Slavery Society American Colonization Society (1817) - correct answer- Reflected the focus of early abolitionists. Idea of transporting freed blacks back to Africa, The organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves. American Anti-Slavery Society - correct answer- (1833-1870) Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison. It had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.
William Lloyd Garrison - correct answer- Abolitionist. Published "The Liberator." Helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. Favored Northern secession and renounced politics. Sojourner Truth - correct answer- A freed black woman who fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's rights. Liberty Party (1840) - correct answer- Abolitionist political party. Split the Republican Party in the election of 1844, and tied the election in favor of Democrat James Polk. Combined with the Free Soil Party which was opposed to the expansion of slavery into the territories. Elijah Lovejoy - correct answer- An American Presbyterian minister, journalist and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mod in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views. Frederick Douglass - correct answer- Abolitionist. Escaped form slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North.
Walden- a story about he lived alone Walden Pond with only $ a year from 1845-1847. On Civil Disobedience- he inspired social and political reformers. He refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War. Extreme individualist John James Audubon - correct answer- Artist who specialized in painting birds. He contributed greatly to the bird species. It contributes to western population movements. Richard Allen - correct answer- African American preacher who helped start the Free African Society and the African Methodist episcopal church. David Walker - correct answer- Outspoken African American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation. -Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. Slave Music - correct answer- Way of slaves expressing themselves. used with dance, banjo, voices and song. Used to pass time.
Samuel Slater - correct answer- Considered the father of American industrial revolution because he brought British textile technology (illegally) to the US. Cyrus McCormick - correct answer- Irish-American. Developed the mechanical reapers. It replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest-- it was much more efficient and quicker. It helped the agricultural growth of America. John Deere - correct answer- Steel plow. US industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working with prairie soil. Lowell System - correct answer- It was a paternalistic (woman) textile factory system. Employed mainly young women (15-35) from New England farms who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. As much machinery was used so that a few skilled workers were needed. Baldwin Locomotive Works - correct answer- Railroad locomotive builder. Pennsylvania. It was the largest and most successful producer of steam locomotives, but had a rough transition to the production of diesels.
American System (1816) - correct answer- Henry Clay. Created a high tariff (import tax) to support internal improvements such as road-building. It was to allow the US to grow and prosper by themselves. Second Bank of the United States was part of it. It was used as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. Erie Canal (1817-1825) - correct answer- Canal in New York State. Runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connected the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. It cut transport cost in the "wilderness" by about 90%. It gave a massive population surge in western New York, and opened region further west to settlement. turnpikes - correct answer- Privately funded, toll-based public road (highway) to facilitate commerce. It developed the national economy by creating faster and efficient transportation. National road (Cumberland road) (1811) - correct answer- First federal transportation project. Cumberland, Maryland to Virginia and then to Ohio. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1828) - correct answer- Connected eastern sea ports with Chicago and other large
midwestern cities. Set standard of excellence and efficiency for the industry. Mason-Dixon Line - correct answer- Southern border of Pennsylvania dividing the free North States from the Southern slave states. Cult of Domesticity - correct answer- A widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. Married women held immense power in being able to control the morals of a household. Lydia Maria Child - correct answer- Abolitionist and women's rights activist. Wrote novels to shock the public into seeing her positions. -The First settlers of New England -An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans National Trades' Union (1834) - correct answer- Criticized unjustifiable distribution of wealth into hands of a few individuals.
-Began his political as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs. Later he became an advocate of free trade, state rights, limited government and nullification. Daniel Webster - correct answer- Leading American statesman during the Antebellum. Leader of the Whig Party. Opposed Jackson. Spokesman f modernization, banking and industry. Served in the House of Reps, Senate and Secretary of State for 3 presidents. Successful lawyer. Henry Clay - correct answer- Kentucky. American System. War hawk in the War of 1812. Speaker of the House of Representatives. Great Compromiser: Missouri Compromise, Compromise Tariff of 1833, Compromise of 1850 Louisiana Purchase (1803) - correct answer- Jefferson bought French lands West of the Mississippi for 15 million from Napoleon. IT doubled the size of the US, fulfilled Jefferson's promise of land, removed foreign nations from borders. It switched Jefferson into a loose interpreter of the constitution. Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) - correct answer- Sent by Jefferson to gather info on the purchase of the land from 1803, and to map a route from Mississippi to the Pacific. They kept careful maps and records.
War Hawks - correct answer- Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to acquire Britain's northwest posts and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. War of 1812 (1812-1815) - correct answer- Causes: British impressment, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, War Hawks (British were inciting the Indians on the frontier, northwest posts/florida/Canada). Sea battles and frontier skirmishes. US troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida, but British at one point, managed to invade and burn DC. Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) settled the peace if the US gave back Florida. -Strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. defining slave and free states - correct answer- Mason-Dixon Line and Missouri Compromise defining territories for Native Americans - correct answer- Oklahoma from Indian removal act. Moved Native Americans west.
Oregon Treaty (1846) - correct answer- England and US. Negotiated by Buchanan who was at the time Secretary of State. Set at the 49th parallel, exception of Vancouver Island. Manifest Destiny - correct answer- 1840s term. Many people believed that the US was destined to secure territory from sea to sea. The rationale drove the acquisition of territory. James Polk. Mexican-American War (1846-1848) - correct answer- Conflict after US annexed Texas. Mexico considered Texas its own. Us was granted all land form Texas to California (minus the Gadsden Purchase) int eh Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexican Cession (1848) - correct answer- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM, and part of CO Chinese trade - correct answer- -Opium War: Britain vs. China. China wanted Britain to stop trading opium with Chinese traders. Britain won the right to five Chinese ports and control of Hong Kong. --> Treaty of Wanghia -Treaty f Wanghia: America and China. America gets all trading terms given to other nations. Americans accused of crimean
China are tried by Americans, establishes trade and missionary work in China. Essex Junto - correct answer- Group of lawyers and merchants who tried to break New England off from the US. Failed to get support from Alexander Hamilton, but gained support form Aaron Burr. This further discredits the Federalists when Burr loses in a run in NYC. Hartford Convention (1814) - correct answer- Meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford, Connecticut. Federalists opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for this complaints and wrongs that they felt had been done. Many of these complaints were fears of being overpowered by southern and western sates. It was an example of the growing sectionalism. It was also another event int eh approaching end of the Federalist Party. South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) - correct answer- Southerners (South Carolina) declared federal protective tariffs null and void. Jackson responded with a Force Bill and suggested compromises over tariff. Compromise worked.
