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Artificial Intelligence
Ubaidullah, CMS Id: 345348, BSCS 10-A
Abstract —
- What is Artificial Intelligence?
- How computers can take decision?
- Various types of A.I.
- Understanding Agents and Environments.
- Issues with A.I. INTRODUCTION ACHINES in our age do only specific tasks for which they are designed. They are able to compute only specific things which are in their domain, just like calculator and music player, they serve just their purpose. It is hard to believe but even our computer systems have limited capabilities. We see in our daily lives that human requirements from machine keep changing from time to time. Just like human beings, machines are always expected to achieve more than their basic functions.
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” The basic definition of an artificial intelligence is that cloning human intelligence in to computer system so that it can perform tasks like human beings.” Humans are capable of working in numerous fields because we are not program to do specific tasks and this is possible just because of our brain. Artificial Intelligence (A.I) was born with similar idea of making them to work just like human brain. A.I copies human being’s learning methods and making their own decisions. Obviously, machine can’t do the same because we understand patterns and machines understand data. I. H O W A. I. S T A R T E D A. H i s t o
r y o f A. I. A.I is not a recent phenomenon; this term was first used in 1955 by John McCarthy in one of his articles. Then advancement starts and world was introduced to ideas like talking machines, autonomous vehicles, robots and of course machines capable of defeating legendary players like Gary Kasparov in Chess. Alan Turing, the Father of Modern Computing, had relate functioning of human brain in form of electric wires. This increased curiosity among us that,” Can machines think and behave just like humans?” B. Natural Intelligence and Artificial intelligence Scientists believe that reason behind our intelligence is because of:
- Larger brain case cells and case.
- Manual Dexterity: Ability to hold objects. - Communication through standard language. - Researchers even believes that we consume raw food to survive and cooked food also provide much energy to our brain. We need to provide our neurons energy which comes from food. There are nearly 80 Billion neurons in our brain while our brain only consumes quarter of energy provided to our body. ” The development of computer system that accomplish¨ tasks which required human intelligence is known as Artificial Intelligence.” .... Examples are like speech recognition, decision-making, translation of languages, self-driving cars etc. C. The Turing Test In 1950, Alan Turing built test which is used to determine computer intelligence known as Turing Test. The controversy related to this Turing test is that people
being created artificially and is also known as General Artificial Intelligence. It can work like humans and also able to learn from experiences. There is no such example of system in real life but we can see them in fictions movies. Weak A.I. is other side of same coin. It is very limited and do only specific tasks, also known as Narrow A.I. Today’s system are examples of weak A.I like talking to Google or Siri etc. VI. AGENTS AND ENVIRONMENTS A world for an A.I system should also be defined, which is known as Environment, just like we have environment like world. Similarly, an Agents in A.I are like people in our world, we have to still work together. We accomplish tasks individually as well as in groups. Agent can be Robotic agent or Software agent, just like human beings. It can feel it’s environment using various sensors, just like humans use senses organs like eyes, nose etc. To perceive his environment idea of agents and environments helps us visualizing humane form of system. PEAS is an acronym which helps agent to solve problem. P – Performance Measures, how efficient is system. E – Environment, sense of environment. A – Actuators or motors to act. S – Sensors used to understand environment. VII. TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO A.I. A.I is seen as a field of Computer Science, but in reality, there are numbers of fields contributed its development. It is actually amalgamation of various fields. Some are listed below:
- Computer Science.
- Math.
- Statistics.
- Biology.
- Philosophy.
- and many more...... Predictions, decision- making and patterns plays important role in boosting A.I. It does not includes keep on input’s lists, instead, it is fed all possible outcomes and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is used. ANNs can supervised or unsupervised. In supervised, human tries to correct pattern gradually created by machine. In unsupervised output is unknown.
VIII. APPLICATIONS OF A.I.
We are in era where data is created at very high speed from photos, videos to tweets etc. But problems come in while analyzing data. This rises problem as well as opportunity to Big Data. There comes artificial intelligence, it may be supervised or unsupervised, to control and access that type of data. Artificial intelligence also comes in place when there is question on data mining. Data science is more closely to data as compared to machine learning. Computer Vision is also a best application of A.I, which further categorize as in
document is comprised of: 1 Wikipedia website about Artificial intelligence. (Artificial intelligence, 2020) 2 NASDAQ website, how Alibaba is using A.I in health care department (article). ”2020. [online] Available at: ¡https://www.nas daq.com/articles/ how-alibaba- usingartificial- intelligence- healthcare-2017- 07-13¿ [Accessed 19 November 2020].” 3 Newsbook, How Facebook bots learn their own language (article). Newsweek. 2020. Facebook’s Negotiating Bots Learned Their Own Language and How to Lie. [online] Available at: ¡https://www.new sweek.com/2017/ 08/18/ai- facebookartificial- intelligence- machine-learning- robots- robotics646944.ht ml¿ [Accessed 19 November 2020]. 4 Law.com, Lethaltechnews, A.I is molding future (article). Future, A.,
2020. Artificial Intelligence Is Molding the Attorney of The Future — LegalTech News. [online] LegalTech News. Available at: A. Biography: Ubaidullah received the Matric degree from Sir Syed College Campus-ll, wah cantt, Pakistan and received FCS degree from F.G degree college for MEN, Wah cantt. He is currently enrolled in Computer Science degree at National University of Science and Technology (NUST), H-12 sector, Pakistan. His research interests in Artificial Intelligence, Automobile Engineering, Machine Learning and Software developer. .... ¡https://www.law.com/legaltechnews/almID/ 1202795003827/Artificial- Intelligence-is-Molding-the-Attorney-of- the-Future/?/¿ [Accessed 19 November 2020]. 5 Sciencemag.org, How goggle is making music from A.I (article). https://www.sciencemag.org/ news/2017/08/how-googlemaking- music-artificial-intelligence 6
cisse.info, Artificial intelligence. (2020) 7 Programing Hub. Programminghub.io. 2020. Programming Hub. [online] Available at: ¡https://programminghub.io/coursedetail/ programming/learn/ArtificialIntelligence/ 25¿ [Accessed 19 November 2020].
