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Certification Exam Guide
Question 1. Which primitive data type typically occupies 4 bytes in most modern programming languages? A) short B) int C) long D) byte Answer: B Explanation: In languages like Java and C#, the int type is a 32-bit signed integer, which equals 4 bytes. Question 2. What will be the output of the following Python code? print(type([]) is list) A) True B) False C) list D) type Answer: A Explanation: type([]) returns ``, and is list checks identity, which is true. Question 3. Which control structure guarantees that the loop body executes at least once? A) for B) while C) do-while D) foreach Answer: C
Certification Exam Guide
Explanation: A do-while loop evaluates its condition after executing the body, ensuring one execution. Question 4. In Java, which keyword is used to prevent a subclass from overriding a method? A) final B) static C) abstract D) protected Answer: A Explanation: Declaring a method as final stops any subclass from providing an overriding implementation. Question 5. What is the primary difference between passing arguments by value and by reference? A) By value copies the data; by reference shares the same memory location. B) By value shares the same memory; by reference copies the data. C) Both create copies of the data. D) Both share the same memory location. Answer: A Explanation: Pass-by-value creates a copy of the argument, while pass-by-reference passes a pointer to the original data. Question 6. Which of the following statements about exception handling in C# is correct? A) finally blocks are optional and only run if an exception occurs. B) catch clauses must appear before try.
Certification Exam Guide
A) Subclasses must implement all methods of the superclass. B) Objects of a superclass shall be replaceable with objects of a subclass without affecting correctness. C) Classes should be open for extension but closed for modification. D) Interfaces should be segregated based on client needs. Answer: B Explanation: LSP ensures that a subclass can stand in for its parent class without altering program behavior. Question 10. Which of the following best describes an abstract class? A) A class that cannot be instantiated and may contain abstract methods. B) A class that can be instantiated but cannot be inherited. C) A class that defines only static methods. D) A class that implements all its methods but cannot be extended. Answer: A Explanation: Abstract classes cannot be instantiated directly and can contain both abstract and concrete members. Question 11. In Java, which keyword is used to achieve multiple inheritance of type? A) extends B) implements C) inherits D) overload Answer: B Explanation: A class can implement multiple interfaces, allowing multiple inheritance of type.
Certification Exam Guide
Question 12. Which design pattern provides a way to create objects without specifying the exact class of object to be created? A) Singleton B) Factory Method C) Observer D) Decorator Answer: B Explanation: The Factory Method pattern encapsulates object creation, returning instances of subclasses through a common interface. Question 13. What is the time complexity of inserting an element at the beginning of a singly linked list? A) O(1) B) O(log n) C) O(n) D) O(n log n) Answer: A Explanation: Insertion at the head requires updating one pointer, which is constant time. Question 14. Which data structure uses LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) ordering? A) Queue B) Stack C) Deque D) Priority Queue Answer: B
Certification Exam Guide
Answer: B Explanation: O(n²) indicates that the algorithm’s running time grows proportionally to the square of the input size. Question 18. Which of the following is a non-linear data structure? A) Array B) Linked List C) Stack D) Graph Answer: D Explanation: Graphs contain nodes connected by edges and can represent complex relationships, making them non-linear. Question 19. Which SDLC phase focuses on converting design documents into actual source code? A) Planning B) Implementation C) Testing D) Maintenance Answer: B Explanation: The Implementation (or Development) phase is where developers write the code based on design specifications. Question 20. In Agile Scrum, what is the purpose of a daily stand-up meeting? A) To assign new tasks for the next sprint. B) To review the product backlog in detail. C) To synchronize team members on progress and impediments.
Certification Exam Guide
D) To conduct performance evaluations. Answer: C Explanation: Daily stand-ups are short meetings for the team to share what they did, will do, and any blockers. Question 21. Which Git command creates a new branch called feature/login? A) git branch feature/login B) git checkout feature/login C) git merge feature/login D) git commit -b feature/login Answer: A Explanation: git branch creates a new branch without switching to it. Question 22. In Git, what does the git pull command do? A) Commits staged changes. B) Sends local commits to a remote repository. C) Fetches and merges changes from the remote branch into the current branch. D) Deletes a remote branch. Answer: C Explanation: git pull combines git fetch and git merge to update the local branch with remote changes. Question 23. Which HTML5 element is used to define a navigation block? A) B) C) ``
Certification Exam Guide
C) Created D) Unauthorized Answer: C Explanation: 201 means the request succeeded and resulted in a new resource being created. Question 27. Which SQL clause is used to filter rows after grouping? A) WHERE B) HAVING C) ORDER BY D) LIMIT Answer: B Explanation: HAVING applies conditions to groups created by GROUP BY. Question 28. In relational databases, what is a foreign key? A) A column that uniquely identifies each row in its own table. B) A column that references the primary key of another table. C) A column that stores encrypted data. D) A column that cannot contain NULL values. Answer: B Explanation: A foreign key enforces referential integrity by linking to a primary key in another table. Question 29. Which NoSQL database model stores data as JSON-like documents? A) Column-family B) Key-value
Certification Exam Guide
C) Graph D) Document Answer: D Explanation: Document databases (e.g., MongoDB) keep data in flexible, JSON-style documents. Question 30. What is the main purpose of database normalization? A) To increase query speed by duplicating data. B) To eliminate redundancy and improve data integrity. C) To encrypt sensitive information. D) To convert relational tables into hierarchical structures. Answer: B Explanation: Normalization organizes tables to reduce duplication and maintain consistency. Question 31. Which type of test verifies that individual functions work as intended in isolation? A) Unit test B) Integration test C) System test D) Acceptance test Answer: A Explanation: Unit testing focuses on the smallest testable parts of an application, typically single functions or methods. Question 32. In the OWASP Top 10, which vulnerability is addressed by input validation and output encoding?
Certification Exam Guide
Question 35. Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-designed API? A) Returns HTML pages for all responses. B) Uses ambiguous parameter names. C) Provides consistent error codes and messages. D) Requires clients to parse binary data without documentation. Answer: C Explanation: Consistency in error handling improves client usability and debugging. Question 36. In Java, which collection guarantees insertion order and allows duplicate elements? A) HashSet B) TreeSet C) LinkedList D) PriorityQueue Answer: C Explanation: LinkedList maintains the order elements were added and permits duplicates. Question 37. Which algorithmic technique repeatedly divides a problem into two halves? A) Dynamic programming B) Greedy algorithm C) Divide and conquer D) Backtracking Answer: C Explanation: Divide and conquer splits a problem into sub-problems, solves them recursively, and combines results.
Certification Exam Guide
Question 38. What is the worst-case space complexity of a recursive implementation of the Fibonacci sequence without memoization? A) O(1) B) O(log n) C) O(n) D) O(2ⁿ) Answer: C Explanation: The recursion depth is proportional to n, leading to O(n) call-stack space. Question 39. In a relational database, which SQL keyword is used to combine rows from two tables based on a related column? A) UNION B) INTERSECT C) JOIN D) EXCEPT Answer: C Explanation: JOIN merges rows from two tables according to a matching condition. Question 40. Which of the following best describes a “deadlock” in concurrent programming? A) Two threads executing the same code simultaneously. B) A thread waiting indefinitely for a resource held by another thread that also waits for the first. C) A program that never terminates due to an infinite loop. D) A memory leak caused by unreleased objects.
Certification Exam Guide
C) They can contain instance fields with default values. D) They automatically generate getters and setters. Answer: B Explanation: Interfaces define method signatures that implementing classes must provide, establishing a contract. Question 44. Which sorting algorithm is stable and has a worst-case time complexity of O(n log n)? A) Quick Sort B) Merge Sort C) Heap Sort D) Insertion Sort Answer: B Explanation: Merge Sort preserves the relative order of equal elements and consistently runs in O(n log n). Question 45. In a RESTful API, which HTTP method is typically used to partially update a resource? A) POST B) PUT C) PATCH D) DELETE Answer: C Explanation: PATCH applies partial modifications, whereas PUT usually replaces the entire resource. Question 46. Which of the following best describes a “singleton” design pattern?
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A) A class that can have multiple instances but shares the same state. B) A class that restricts instantiation to a single object. C) A class that provides a factory method for object creation. D) A class that implements multiple interfaces. Answer: B Explanation: The singleton pattern ensures only one instance exists throughout the application lifecycle. Question 47. In JavaScript, what is the result of typeof null? A) "object" B) "null" C) "undefined" D) "function" Answer: A Explanation: Due to a historic bug, typeof null returns "object". Question 48. Which of the following data structures provides O(1) average-case lookup, insertion, and deletion? A) Array B) Linked List C) Hash Table D) Binary Search Tree Answer: C Explanation: Hash tables achieve constant-time operations on average by using a hash function to map keys.
Certification Exam Guide
Question 52. In CSS Grid, which property defines the number of columns in a grid container? A) grid-rows B) grid-template-columns C) grid-gap D) grid-auto-flow Answer: B Explanation: grid-template-columns sets the column track sizes and count. Question 53. Which SQL statement is used to remove duplicate rows from a result set? A) DELETE DISTINCT B) SELECT DISTINCT C) WHERE UNIQUE D) GROUP BY ALL Answer: B Explanation: SELECT DISTINCT returns only unique rows. Question 54. Which of the following is a characteristic of a “weak entity” in an ER diagram? A) It has a primary key of its own. B) It cannot exist without a strong (owner) entity. C) It is always represented as a diamond. D) It stores derived attributes only. Answer: B
Certification Exam Guide
Explanation: A weak entity depends on a strong entity for identification and often uses a partial key. Question 55. In object-oriented design, what is method overriding? A) Defining multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. B) Providing a new implementation of a method in a subclass that already exists in the superclass. C) Calling a method from the superclass inside the subclass. D) Hiding a method by declaring a new one with the same name in the subclass. Answer: B Explanation: Overriding replaces the superclass’s version with a subclass-specific implementation. Question 56. Which of the following is a non-functional requirement? A) User can log in with a username and password. B) System must handle 10,000 concurrent users. C) Admin can delete a user account. D) Application provides a search feature. Answer: B Explanation: Non-functional requirements describe performance, scalability, security, etc., not specific functionality. Question 57. In Java, which exception is thrown when an attempt is made to access an array index outside its bounds? A) NullPointerException B) IllegalArgumentException C) IndexOutOfBoundsException
