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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 16 : Cloud computing Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name PHAN MINH TRI Student ID GCD Class GCD0904 Assessor name TRAN TRONG MINH Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
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Table of Contents
I. The evolution of Cloud Computing
- What is Cloud Computing technology? ❖ Cloud computing is a technique that makes your whole computer infrastructure (hardware and software applications) available online. It maintains data and apps using the internet and remote central servers. Because the data is kept with the mail service provider on a remote cloud, any computer with an internet connection can check some saved mail/data/photos in the mailbox. Figure 1 : Cloud Computing technology
- Evolution of Cloud Computing Figure 2 : History of Cloud Computing
❖ The Idea Phase – This phase began in the early 1960s with the introduction of utility and grid computing and lasted until the pre-internet bubble period. Cloud computing was created by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider.
- 1960’s – John McCarthy, a well-known figure in computer science, allowed businesses to employ pricey mainframes and pioneered the time-sharing idea. This proved to be a significant contribution to the notion of Cloud computing and the construction of the Internet.
- 1969 – J.C.R. Licklider presented the concepts of "Galactic Network" and "Intergalactic Computer Network" with the aim of interconnecting global space and established the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network- ARPANET.
- 1970 – It was feasible to run many operating systems in an isolated environment by this time.
- 1997 – In Dallas, Prof. Ramnath Chellappa pioneered the notion of "Cloud Computing." ❖ The Pre – Cloud Phase – The period began in 1999 and lasted until 2006. In this stage, the internet serves as the means for delivering Application as a Service.
- 1999 – Salesforce.com pioneered the notion of corporate applications via simple websites. In addition, the services organization addressed how to assist professionals in delivering programs over the Internet.
- 2003 – The Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), which allows many virtual guest operating systems to operate on a single hardware, laid the door for later significant breakthroughs.
- 2006 – Amazon has also begun to grow into cloud services. From EC2 to Simple Storage Service S3, they pioneered the pay-as-you-go concept, which has since become common practice. ❖ The Cloud Phase – The much-discussed genuine cloud era began in 2007 with the formalization of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS development. Throughout the history of cloud computing, several of the world's greatest computer/web firms have made some highly noteworthy advances.
- 2013 – With IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service), the Worldwide Public Cloud Services Market was valued at £78 billion, making it the fastest growing market service of that year. Figure 3 : Evolution of Cloud Computing
Figure 5 : How the browser interacts with the servers? ❖ The browser sends an HTTP/HTTPS request to the IP address of the WEB Server (provided by DNS server). ❖ The server transmits the website's required files. ❖ The files are subsequently rendered by the browser, and the webpage is shown. This rendering is accomplished with the assistance of DOM (Document Object Model) interpreter, CSS interpreter, and JS Engine, together known as JIT or (Just in Time) Compilers.
- Advantages of Client – Server model ❖ All data is stored in a single location in a centralized system. ❖ Data recovery is feasible and requires minimal maintenance. ❖ The Client and Server capacities can be modified independently.
- Disadvantages of Client – Server model ❖ Clients are vulnerable to viruses, Trojans, and worms if they are present on the Server or are uploaded to it. ❖ Servers are vulnerable to DoS (Denial of Service) attacks. ❖ During transmission, data packets might be spoofed or manipulated. ❖ MITM (Man in the Middle) assaults and phishing are frequent.
- Example of Client – Server model ❖ Assume you are using a computer and enter www.google.com into your browser (e.g., Chrome). So, you're working on the client machine. The browser is now sending a request to Google's web server. The Google web server responds to the browser with data, and the browser shows the data in the browser, displaying the Google webpage. If you do a search on Google, the browser sends another request to Google's webserver, which displays search results in the browser.
III. P2P (Peer – to – Peer)
- Definition ❖ A peer-to-peer network is a simple computer network. Within the created network, each computer serves as a node for file sharing. This enables for the exchange of massive amounts of data. Each network node bears an equal burden. To make the network stop operating, all the nodes must stop working independently. Figure 6 : Peer - to - Peer (P2P) network ❖ Types of P2P networks
- Unstructured P2P networks – Each gadget can contribute equally. This network is simple to construct since devices may be joined in any order. However, because it is unstructured, it is difficult to locate content.
- Structured P2P networks – It is created with software that builds a virtual layer to arrange the nodes. These are difficult to put up but can provide consumers with quick access to material.
- Hybrid P2P network – It combines P2P network and client-server architectural elements. Finding a node via the central server is one example of such a network.
- Features of P2P network ❖ P2P networks, unlike client-server networks, both consume and give resources. If the number of nodes grows, this results in more resources. Because the nodes also serve as servers, there is a continual fear of attack. It requires specific software to run on today's operating systems.
- Parallel Computing ❖ A supercomputer is a machine with hundreds or thousands of processors cooperating to solve a computing problem in HPC. This term includes supercomputers that are linked to other resources. The method programs are performed distinguishes conventional (also known as serial or sequential or Von Neumann) from parallel computers. Figure 7 : Parallel Computing System ❖ The following rules apply in serial or sequential computers:
- It is powered by a single computer/processor system with a single CPU.
- An issue is deconstructed into a distinct set of instructions.
- Instructions are carried out sequentially. ❖ Because several processing devices are used concurrently in parallel computing, the following rules apply:
- It is executed on several processors (multiple CPUs).
- An issue is divided into separate components that may be tackled concurrently.
- Each section is further subdivided into a set of instructions.
- On various processors, instructions from each section are executed concurrently.
- There is an overarching control/coordination structure in place.
- Distributed Computing ❖ Distributed computing is a computing system composed of several computers or processing units linked by a network, which might be homogeneous or heterogeneous yet operates as a single system. The CPUs in a distributed system can be physically near together and connected by a local network, or geographically distant and connected by a wide area network. A distributed system's heterogeneity allows for any number of processing machine combinations, such as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and minicomputers. The purpose of distributed computing is to have a network operate as if it were a single computer. Figure 8 : Distributed (Grid) Computing System ❖ Distributed computing systems are superior to centralized systems because they support the following characteristics:
- Scalability : The system's ability to be readily expanded by adding more machines as needed, and vice versa, without disrupting the present arrangement.
- Redundancy and replication : Redundancy or replication: In this case, many computers can supply the same services, such that even if one is unavailable (or fails), work continues since other equivalent computing capabilities are accessible.
- Cluster Computing ❖ A cluster computing system is made up of a group of processing units that are all the same or similar kind and are linked together via a specialized network infrastructure. This is another HPC category. Nodes are individual computers in a cluster. To work constructively and meaningfully together to address the problem at hand, the nodes must interact with one another.
- Public Cloud ❖ The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are delivered to the public or significant industrial organizations over the internet. In this cloud model, the infrastructure is controlled by the organization that provides the cloud services, not the user. It is a sort of cloud hosting that provides clients and users with easy access to systems and services. ❖ Advantages of the public cloud model
- Minimal Investment : Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no large upfront price, making it ideal for organizations that demand rapid access to resources.
- No setup cost : The whole infrastructure is totally financed by cloud service providers; therefore, no hardware is required.
- Infrastructure Management is not required : Using the public cloud does not involve infrastructure management.
- No maintenance : The service provider does the maintenance (Not users).
- Dynamic Scalability : On-demand resources are available to meet the demands of your business. ❖ Disadvantages of the public cloud model
- Data Security and Privacy Concerns : It may not provide comprehensive security against cyber-attacks and may highlight holes because it is available to the public.
- Issues with Reliability : Because the same server network is accessible to many users, it is prone to failure and downtime.
- Limitation on Service / License : There is a limit to how much you may utilize while sharing resources with tenants. Figure 11 : Public Cloud Model
- Private Cloud ❖ The private cloud provides more control over cloud resources. The ability to access systems and services within a certain border or organization is frequently referred to as the "internal cloud." The cloud platform is deployed in a secure cloud environment guarded by robust firewalls and overseen by an organization's IT staff. ❖ Advantages of the private cloud model
- Better Control : The property is solely yours. You obtain full control over service integration, IT operations, rules, and user behavior.
- Data Security and Privacy : It is appropriate for keeping company data to which only authorized personnel have access. Access and security can be increased by segmenting resources within the same infrastructure.
- Supports Legacy Systems : This technique is intended for use with legacy systems that cannot connect to the public cloud.
- Customization : A private cloud deployment, as opposed to a public cloud deployment, enables a firm to adapt its solution to match its unique needs. ❖ Disadvantages of the private cloud model
- Restricted Scalability : Private clouds have limited scalability since they are scaled within the constraints of internally hosted resources. The underlying hardware used has an influence on scalability.
- Higher Cost : Your investment will be more than the public cloud because of the benefits you would gain (pay for software, hardware, and staffing etc.). Figure 12 : Private Cloud Computing
- Community Cloud ❖ A community is a distributed system formed by combining the services of many clouds to meet the needs of a community. It enables a collection of businesses to access systems and services. The community's infrastructure might be shared by organizations with similar interests or duties. It is often handled by a third party or a collaboration of one or more community organizations. ❖ Advantages of the community cloud model
- Cost Effective : It is cost-effective since the cloud is shared by several enterprises or communities.
- Security : The community cloud is more secure.
- Shared resources : It enables you to share resources, infrastructure, and so on with various companies.
- Collaboration and data sharing : It is appropriate for both cooperation and data exchange. ❖ Disadvantages of the community cloud model
- The community cloud is not suitable for every company.
- Slow data adoption
- All members of the community share a fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth.
- Community Cloud is more expensive than public cloud.
- Sharing responsibility across companies is tough. Figure 14 : Community Cloud Model
VI. Service Models
- Software as a Service (SaaS) ❖ Software as a service (SaaS) are hosted by vendors and made available to users over the internet. Businesses that use SaaS do not need to install or download any software to their current IT infrastructures. SaaS guarantees that consumers always have the most recent versions of the product. Maintenance and support are handled by the SaaS provider. Figure 15 : Software as a Service (SaaS) ❖ Pros
- Easy to access and use : The key advantage of SaaS products is that they may be used immediately after subscription because they are the easiest cloud model to set up and manage. Because the cloud providers control everything, SaaS is also the simplest to maintain.
- Scalability : Organizations simply update their existing plans or subscriptions to add users. They do not need to purchase more server space or software licensing. ❖ Cons
- Lack of control : Organizations have little control over their cloud providers' infrastructures. As a result, if the provider goes down, so do they.
- Issue with integrations : Organizations may have difficulty integrating their existing in-house software with SaaS apps since their in-house APIs and data formats may not be compatible with the external applications. ❖ SaaS use cases include corporate applications for services such as email, sales management, customer relationship management (CRM), financial management, human resource management (HRM), billing, and collaboration.
