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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing
Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure
Submission date Date Received 1st submission
Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission
Student Name Phan Minh Tiến Student ID GCD
Class GCD1001^ Assessor name Đặng^ Quang Hiển
Student declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Student’s signature Tiến
Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 M1 M2 M3 M4 D1 D2 D
Summative Feedback: Resubmission Feedback:
Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Signature & Date:
- I. Introduction
- Scenario..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Research Objectives
- Report Outline........................................................................................................................................................................................................
- II. Network types and standards
- Network
- 1.1 Definition..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
- 1.2 Network types
- Protocol and Standards
- 2.1 Definition of network protocol
- 2.2 The OSI reference model
- 2.3 The TCP/IP reference model
- 2.4 Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model
- III. Network topology, communication, and Bandwidth requirements
- Network topology
- 1.1 Definition of Network Topology.....................................................................................................................................................................
- 1.2 Definition of Physical Topology......................................................................................................................................................................
- 1.3 Definition of Logical Topology
- 1.4. Types of Topology
- Communication and Bandwidth
- 2.1 Definition of communications........................................................................................................................................................................
- 2.2 Rules of communication
- 2.3 Bandwidth
- 2.4 The impact of network bandwidth requirements..........................................................................................................................................
- IV. The operating principles of networking devices and server types
- Networking devices..............................................................................................................................................................................................
- 1 .1 Repeater
- 1 .2 Hub
- 1.3 Bridge
- 1.4 Switch
- 1 .5 Routers
- 1 .6 Gateway
- 1 .7 Brouter
- 1 .8 Modems
- Server Types
- 2.1 Definition of Server
- 2.2 Operating principles of sever types
- V. The inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software
- Definition of interdependencies
- Definition of workstation hardware
- Definition of networking software
- The inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software........................................................................................
- Figure 1: Definition of network protocol Table of Figure
- Figure 2: OSI Model......................................................................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 3: Star Topology diagram
- Figure 4: Bus Topology
- Figure 5: Ring Topology diagram
- Figure 6: Hybrid Topology
- Table 1: Compare TCP/IP with OSI Model List of Table
2. Research Objectives
This report aims to show a brief description of networking and trying to design a network for the
company that develops high-tech network solutions. In this research, I will introduce
networking and through which I will give measures to help the company to network deployment and
provide the network design that meets the above requirements.
3. Report Outline
This report includes 9 chapters and references. The chapters of this project are followed as below:
Chapter I reviews the problem.
Chapter II, III, IV, V shows brief description of network.
Chapter VI presents how to design the networked system to solve the problem.
Finally, there are some part to review / evaluates the design.
II. Network types and standards
1. Network
1.1 Definition
A network is a group of two or more devices or nodes capable of communicating. The devices or nodes in question can be connected by physical or wireless connections. The key is to have at least two separate components, and to connect them (Anon, 2020).
The scale of a network can range from a single pair of devices or nodes that transmit data back and forth, to massive data centers and even the largest network in nature, the global Internet. What all of these networks have in common is that they allow computers and/or users to exchange information and resources, from the smallest to the largest (Anon., 2020). Networks may be used for:
Communications include email, text messaging, chat rooms and so on. Shared hardware such as input devices and printers. Shared data and information through the use of shared storage devices. Shared software which is accomplished by running remote computer applications.
1.2 Network types
a. Personal Area Network (PAN)
Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network linking computers / devices within an individual person's range. As PAN provides a network coverage within the range of a person usually within 10 meters (33 feet) it is called a Personal Area Network. Usually a Personal Area Network includes a computer, phone, laptop, printer, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) and other entertainment devices such as speakers, video game consoles and so on. Because of its high performance in terms of reliability and capacity, it's very useful in home, offices and small network areas.
Advantages and disadvantages of PAN:
PANs are efficient, cost-effective and convenient. Some PANs can interact badly with other wireless networking technologies using the same radio bands. Bluetooth networks are relatively secure but have slow data rates. Bluetooth is a short-range solution - tens of meters - and is not suitable for wireless connection over larger distances.
b. Local Area Network (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is a network of computers covering a fairly limited area. Most often, a LAN is confined to a single space, building or group of buildings, but one LAN can be connected via telephone lines and radio waves to other LANs any distance away. A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area network (WAN). The distinction between a LAN and a WAN is that the
c. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a method of wireless distribution for two or more devices that use high-frequency radio waves which also have an Internet connection point. A WLAN allows users to move around the coverage area while maintaining a network connection, often a home or small office.
Benefits of WLAN
It is a reliable type of communication As WLAN reduces physical wires so it is a flexible way of communication WLAN also reduces the cost of ownership It is easier to add or remove workstation It provides high data rate due to small area coverage You can also move workstation while maintaining the connectivity For propagation, the light of sight is not required The direction of connectivity can be anywhere i.e. you can connect devices in any direction unless it is in the range of access point Easy installation and you need don’t need extra cables for installation WLAN can be useful in disasters situations e.g. earthquake and fire. People can still communicate through the wireless network during a disaster It is economical because of the small area access If there are any buildings or trees, then still wireless connection works
Disadvantages of WLAN
WLAN requires license It has a limited area to cover Government agencies can limit the signals of WLAN if required. This can affect data transfer from connected devices to the internet If the number of connected devices increases, then data transfer rate decreases WLAN uses radio frequency which can interfere with other devices which use radio frequency If there is rain or thunder, then communication may interfere
Attackers can get access to the transmitted data because wireless LAN has low data security Signals may be affected by the environment as compared to using fiber optics The radiation of WLAN can be harmful to the environment As WLAN uses access points and access points are expensive than wires and hubs Access points can get signals of nearest access points It is required to change the network card and access point when standard changes LAN cable is still required which acts as the backbone of the WLAN Low data transfer rate than wired connection because WLAN uses radio frequency Chances of errors are high Communication is not secure and can be accessed by unauthorized users
d. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than even a broad Local Area Network (LAN) but smaller than a Wide Area Network (WAN) zone. The term refers to network interconnection in a city into a single, larger network (which can then also provide efficient connection to a wide area network). It is often used to mean multiple local area network interconnections by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter use is also often referred to as a network for the campus.
Benefits of MAN:
Less Expensive: It is less expensive to attach MAN with WAN Network. MAN gives you good efficiency of data. All data on MAN is easily manageable in a centralized way. Sending Local Emails: You can send local emails fast and free on MAN. High Speed than WAN: The speed of data can easily reach 1000 Mbps, as MAN uses fiber optics. Files and database transfer rates are fast. Page | 6 Sharing of the Internet: With the installation of MANs, users can share their internet connection. In this way, multiple users can get the same high-speed internet. Conversion of LAN to MAN is Easy: MAN is a combination of two or more LAN network. So it is a faster way to connect two LAN networks together. It is possible by the fast configuration of links. High Security: MAN’s has a high-security level than WAN.
If the file server breaks down the files on the file server become inaccessible. Email might still work if it is on a separate server. The computers can still be used but are isolated. Viruses can spread to other computers throughout a computer network. There is a danger of hacking, particularly with wide area networks. Security procedures are needed to prevent such abuse, such as a security system.
2. Protocol and Standards
2.1 Definition of network protocol
Figure 1: Definition of network protocol
A network protocol is a collection of rules that govern how data is exchanged between devices connected to the same network. In essence, it enables linked devices to interact with one another despite variations in internal operations, structure, or design.
Figure 2: OSI Model
Layer 1: Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the OSI reference model. It is accountable for the actual physical connection between devices. The physical layer contains information in bits. It is responsible for the actual physical connection between
devices. When receiving data, this class will receive the received signal and convert it to 0 and 1 and send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the frame together. Layer 2: The data link layer is responsible for distributing nodes to the message node. The main function of this class is to ensure data transfer without errors from one node to another, on the physical layer. When a packet arrives at the network, the responsibility of the DLL is to transmit it to the Server using its MAC address. The packet received from the Network layer is divided into frames depending on the frame size of the NIC (Network Page | 9 Interface Card). The recipient's MAC address is obtained by setting the Address Resolution Protocol request to the power cord to ask, "who has that IP address?" Directly and the destination server will respond with its MAC address. Layer 3: The network layer works to transfer data from one server to another in different networks. It is also responsible for packet routing i.e. selecting the shortest path for packet transmission, from the number of available routes. The IP address of the sender and recipient is placed in the header according to the network layer. Layer 4: The transport layer provides services for the application layer and retrieves services from the network layer. Data in the transport layer is called Segment. It is responsible for distributing End to End of complete messages. The transport layer also provides acknowledgment of successful data transfer and retransmission of data if an error is found. Layer 5: Session Layer is responsible for connection establishment, session maintenance, authentication and also security. Layer 6: Presentation layer is also called Translation class. Data from the application layer is extracted here and processed in the required format for transmission over the network. Layer 7: Application Layer is also serving as a window for the application services to access the network and for displaying the received information to the user.
2.3 The TCP/IP reference model
The TCP / IP model was designed and developed by the Ministry of Defense (DoD) in the 1960s and is based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. The TCP / IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four classes, unlike the seven layers in the OSI model. Picture 0.3 TCP Model
Network access layer: this class corresponds to the combination of the Data Link layer and the Physical layer of the OSI model. It seems that the hardware address and protocols in this class allow physical data transmission. Internet layer: this class is similar to the OSI Network layer functions. It defines protocols that are responsible for transmitting logical data across the entire network. The main protocols in this class are IP, ICMP, ARP.
III. Network topology, communication, and Bandwidth
requirements
1. Network topology
1.1 Definition of Network Topology
Network topology refers to the physical or logical layout of a network. It defines the way different nodes are placed and interconnected with each other. Alternately, network topology may describe how the data is transferred between these nodes.
There are two types of network topologies: physical and logical. Physical topology emphasizes the physical layout of the connected devices and nodes, while the logical topology focuses on the pattern of data transfer between network nodes.
1.2 Definition of Physical Topology
Physical topology refers to the interconnected structure of a local area network (LAN). The method employed to connect the physical devices on the network with the cables, and the type of cabling used, all constitute the physical topology. This contrasts with logical topology, which describes a network's media signal performance and how it exchanges device data.
1.3 Definition of Logical Topology
A logical topology is a concept in networking that defines the architecture of the communication mechanism for all nodes in a network. Using network equipment such as routers and switches, the logical topology of a network can be dynamically maintained and reconfigured.
1.4. Types of Topology
There are five types of topology, namely: Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, Hybrid.
a. Mesh Topology
In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the network through a dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated it means that the link only carries data for the two connected devices only. Let say we have n devices in the network then each device must be connected with (n-1) devices of the network. Number of links in a mesh topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.
Advantages of Mesh topology
No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices which means the link is only available for those two devices. Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect other links and the communication between other devices on the network. Mesh topology is secure because there is a point to point link thus unauthorized access is not possible. Fault detection is easy.
Disadvantages of Mesh topology
Amount of wires required to connected each system is tedious and headache. Since each device needs to be connected with other devices, number of I/O ports required must be huge. Scalability issues because a device cannot be connected with large number of devices with a dedicated point to point link.
b. Star Topology
In star topology, each device in the network is connected to a central device called the hub. Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct communication between devices, a device must have to communicate through the hub. If one device wants to send data to other devices, it has to first send the data to the hub and then the hub transmits that data to the designated device.
