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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Đinh Xuân Trường Student ID GCH Class GCH0908 Assessor name Nguyễn Cảnh Khoa Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Trường Grading grid
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I. Introduction
To solve the problem in this scenario, I will describe in my report about networking principles, protocols, networking devices and the operations. Also, I will discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software and talk clearly about different types of network topologies, communication and the bandwith.
II. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards.
Definition of network It can describe the basic ingredients of the Network, that is, the basic hardware and software components that make up the Network. We can describe the Network in terms of a networking infrastructure that provides services to distributed applications. The picture here to illustrate the discussion. (Computer Networking a Top-down Approach page 29).
Network Network Type A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer network is mainly of five types:
- LAN (Local Area Network): The network of many computers or computing devices such are PCs, printers, etc., connected together in a small geographical area such as a building for communicating with each other and share their files resources and applications with each other (Mishal Room 2020).
▪ Appearance of virus in a LAN based infrastructure is very dangerous. If one computer install and having virus, it can easily spread to another computer in the network
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN Network is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. The purpose of MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is to provide the link to the internet in the long run. MAN Network provides Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan region, and connect them to wider area networks like the Internet (Arasal Jahejo 2018). Man
- Benefits: ▪ It is less expensive to connect MAN with WAN Network. MAN gives you good efficiency of data. All data on MAN is easily manageable in a centralized way. ▪ The speed of data can easily reach 1000 Mbps, as MAN uses fiber optics. Files and database transfer rates are fast. ▪ With the installation of MANs, users can share their internet connection. In this way, multiple users can get the same high-speed internet. ▪ MAN is a combination of two or more LAN network. So it is a faster way to connect two LAN networks together. ▪ MAN has high security level
- Constraints: ▪ It is very difficult to manage if the size and number of LANs network increase. This is due to security and extra configuration problems.
▪ In this network, there is a high risk of attacking hackers as compared to LAN. So data may be a leak. Highly security staff is the need in MAN. ▪ Technical Staff Requires to Set up. ▪ In MAN more than LAN network so it need more wires.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): A wide area network (also known as WAN), is a large network of information that is not tied to a single location. WANs can facilitate communication, the sharing of information and much more between devices from around the world through a WAN provider. WANs can be very important for international businesses, but they are also essential for everyday use, as the internet is considered the largest WAN in the world (Junaid Rehman 2018). Wan
- Benefits: ▪ It has big area coverage. WAN generally covers geographical areas of large proportions (1000kms or more than that). ▪ Using WAN means that you can share the data connected to all the devices in the respective network. ▪ Message exchange. With the advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) and LAN, a sudden growth of WAN based devices can be seen. From this communication through messages can be done fast with the help of popular applications such as messenger and whatsapp. ▪ Another biggest plus of WAN is that they offer guaranteed uptime. WAN providers offer uptime weekly, quarterly or annually. It is a part of the SLA. ▪ In order for forming a backbone of a respective network, corporate LAN often often uses leased lines. Using leased lines means that there are more bandwidths compared to a standard broadband connection.
- Benefits: ▪ As WLAN reduces physical wires so it’s a versatile way of communication. ▪ You’ll also move workstation while maintaining the connectivity. ▪ The direction of connectivity are often anywhere i.e. you’ll connect devices in any direction unless it’s within the range of access point. ▪ Easy installation and you would like don’t need extra cables for installation. ▪ WLAN are often useful in disasters situation e.g. earthquake and fire. WIreless network can connect peole in any disaster ▪ It’s economical due to the tiny area access.
- Constraints: ▪ If the amount of connected devices increases then data transfer rate decreases. ▪ WLAN uses frequency which may interfere with other devices which use frequency. ▪ If there’s rain or thunder then communication may interfere. ▪ Due to Low security as attackers can get access to the transmitted data. ▪ Signals could also be suffering from the environment as compared to using fiber optics. ▪ Communication isn’t secure and may be accessed by unauthorized users. ▪ The radiation of WLAN are often harmful to the environment.
- VPN (Virtual Private Network): By extending a private network across the Internet, a VPN lets its users send and receive data as if their devices were connected to the private network – even if they’re not. Through a virtual point-to-point connection, users can access a private network remotely (Tim Mocan 2019). VPN
- Benefits: ▪ A VPN service hides your real IP address, effectively masking your online identity and allowing you to bypass. ▪ Since a VPN masks your IP address, it also helps you bypass firewalls. ▪ A VPN encrypts your online connections, protecting your data from hackers and ISP/government surveillance. ▪ VPN ensures your ISP can’t throttle your bandwidth.
- Constraints: ▪ VPN services will usually cost money, as free VPNs aren’t an option since they don’t work right and endanger your data. ▪ Not all devices and operating systems natively support VPN applications, so you might have to manually set up a connection sometimes. ▪ Using a VPN will usually lower your online speeds to a certain extent because of various factors. ▪ Some VPN providers log user data. Network Standards Networking standards define the rules for data communications that are needed for interoperability of networking technologies and processes. Standards help in creating and maintaining open markets and allow different vendors to compete on the basis of the quality of their products while being compatible with existing market products.
- TCP/IP: Definition : Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and Internet Protocol(IP) are two of the best known members of the Internet protocol suite, a suite of network communication protocols developed by Stanford University to facilitate heterogenous connectivity. The Internet protocol suite provides the protocols that enable all of the web of the Internet to communicate. Every computer on the Internet supports TCP/IP. The TCP/IP protocols were adopted as Military Standards (MIL-STD) in 1983, and all hosts connected to the network were required to convert to the new protocols. To ease this conversion, DARPA funded Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) to implement TCO/IP in Berkeley (BSD) Unix. Thus began the marriage of Unix and TCP/IP ( TCP/IP Network Administration: Help for Unix System Administrators 2005 ).
Definition: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, where hypertext documents include hyperlinks to other resources that the user can easily access, for example by a mouse click or by tapping the screen in a web browser. ( Transport Layer Security 2014). How it works
4. DNS: Definition: Domain Name System, which is used to locate computers on a network and is the underlying service on the Internet to match names, such as www.youtube.com and IP addresses for locating Web sites and controlling e-mail delivery (Network World page 42 ).
How it works
III. Explain the impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth
requirements.
Network Topology Network Topology is a term used in the computer networking field to describe the structure of a network, also is map of an internetwork that indicates network segments, interconnection points, and user communities (Top-Down Network Design, Ch. 5: Designing a Network Topology page 1).
- Physical Topology: Describes how network devices are physically connected - in other words, how devices are actually plugged into each other. We're talking about cables, wireless connectivity, and more.
- Logical Topology: describes how network devices appear to be connected to each other. Difference between Physical Topology and Logical Topology Physical Topology Logical Topology Depicts physical layout of network Depicts logistics of network concerned with transmission of data. The layout can be modified based on needs There is no interference and manipulation involved here
Advantages Disadvantages
- Easy to install, configure, manage and expand
- Centralized management
- Add or remove of device doesn’t affect the whole network
- Failure of hub affects entire network
- Requires more cable to manage
- More expensive o Ring Topology: Ring topology is where nodes are arranged in a circle. The data can travel through the ring network in either one direction or both directions, with each device having exactly two neighbors (Staff Contributo 2015). Advantages Disadvantages
- Reliable and offers greater speed
- No collisions
- Need more cabling is required compared to the bus topology
- One error device affects the entire network o Mesh Topology: A mesh topology is an intricate and elaborate structure of point-to-point connections where the nodes are interconnected. Mesh networks can be full or partial mesh. Partial mesh topologies are mostly interconnected, with a few nodes with only two or three connections (Staff Contributo 2015).
Advantages Disadvantages
- Improves the error tolerance
- Failure of one link does not affect the entire network
- Centralized management is not required
- Hard to install and manage
- It is expensive o Tree Topology: The tree topology structure gets its name from how the central node functions as a sort of trunk for the network, with nodes extending outward in a branch-like fashion. Because the tree topology structure is both extremely flexible and scalable, it’s often used for wide area networks to support many spread-out devices (Staff Contributo 2015). Advantages Disadvantages
- Design look like a tree so it is easy to expand the network
- Fault detection is easy
- Difficult to configure
- If backbone breaks, entire network goes down
- More expensive o Hybrid Topology: Hybrid structures are most commonly found in larger companies where individual departments have personalized network topologies adapted to suit their needs and network usage (Staff Contributo 2015).
Message encoding
- Message Formatting and Encapsulation
- There is an agreed format for letters and addressing letters which is required for proper delivery
- Putting the letter into the addressed envelope is called encapsulation
- Each computer message is encapsulated in a specific format, called a frame, before it is sent over the network
- A frame acts like an envelope providing destination address and source address Message Formatting and Encapsulation
- Message Size
- Human break long messages into smaller parts or sentences
- Long messages must also be broken into smaller pieces to travel across a network ▪ Each piece is sent in a separate frame ▪ Each frame has its own addressing information ▪ A receiving host will reconstruct multiple frames into the original message
- Message Timing
- Access Method : Hosts on a network need to know when to begin sending messages and how to respond when collisions occur
- Flow Control : Source and destination hosts use flow control to negotiate correct timing to avoid overwhelming the destination and ensure information is received
- Response Timeout : Hosts on the network have rules that specify how long to wait for responses and what action to take if a responses timeout occurs
