Assignment 1 Networking 1619 ( D pass ), Assignments of Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications

Download Assignment 1 Networking 1619 ( D pass ) and more Assignments Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications in PDF only on Docsity!

❒ Summative Feedback: ❒ Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Signature & Date:

LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols. LO2 Explain networking devices and operations. Assignment Brief and Guidance: Assignment scenario You are employed as a network engineer by Nguyen Networking Limited, a high-tech networking solution development company, which has branches in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang and Can Tho. The company has been contracted to implement a networking project from a local educational institute. The specification of the project is given below: ● People: 200 students, 15 teachers, 12 marketing and administration staff, 5 higher managers including the academic heads and the programme managers, and 3 computer network administrators. ● Resources: 50 student lab computers, 35 staff computers, and 3 printers. ● Building: 3 floors, all computers and printers are on the ground floor apart from the IT labs – one lab located on the first floor and another located on the second floor. Task 1 The CEO of the company, Mr. Nguyen, has asked you to investigate and explain networking principles, protocols and devices and submit a report. You will need to produce a report that includes the following: ● An introduction to provide an overview of your report. ● Benefits and constraints of different types of networks and networking standards. ● The impact of network topology, speed of communication and bandwidth requirements. ● Effectiveness of networking systems. ● Discussion on operating principles of networking devices and server types and networking software. ● Discuss the relationship of workstation hardware with networking software. ● Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization. ● For the given specification, identify the topology protocol for the efficient utilization of a networking system.

Table of Contents

ASSIGNMENT 1 ANSWERS P1. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards:

1. Introduction network: A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to allow data sharing. An example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of people all over the world. To the right is an example image of a home network with multiple computers and other network devices all connected.
2. OSI Model: The open systems interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model created by the International Organization for Standardization which enables diverse communication systems to communicate using standard protocols. In plain English, the OSI provides a standard for different computer systems to be able to communicate with each other. The OSI Model can be seen as a universal language for computer networking. It’s based on the concept of splitting up a communication system into seven abstract layers, each one stacked upon the last.

3. Types of common networks: 3.1. Personal Area Network (PAN): What is a Personal Area Network (PAN): A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices within a user's immediate area. The size of a PAN ranges from a few centimeters to a few meters. One of the most common real-world examples of a PAN is the connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone. PANs can also connect laptops, tablets, printers, keyboards, and other computerized devices. PAN network connections can either be wired or wireless. Wired connection methods include USB and FireWire; wireless connection methods include Bluetooth (the most common), WiFi, IrDA, and Zigbee. Personal Area Network Types: Some types of personal area networks are wired like printers connected with a personal computer while others are wireless like Bluetooth. Wireless personal area network is also known as WPAN. A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is a personal area network in which the connections are wireless. It is a low-power PAN that uses wireless networking technology such as Wifi, Bluetooth or ZigBee. The scope of the WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few meters.

Disadvantages of PAN: Less distance range: Signal range is maximum 10 meters which makes limitation for long distance sharing. Interfere with radio signals: Personal area networks also use infrared so it can interfere with radio signals and data can be dropped. Slow data transfer: Bluetooth and infrared have a slow data transfer rate as compared to other types of networks like LAN (local area network). Health problem: In some cases, PAN uses microwave signals in some digital devices which have a bad effect on the human body like brain and heart problems. Costly in terms of communication devices: Personal area networks are used in digital devices which are costly so it is another disadvantage of PAN. Examples are smartphones, PDA, laptops, and digital cameras. Infrared signals travel in a straight line: TV remotes use infrared signals which have a problem that they travel in a straight line. So this counts as another disadvantage of PAN. 3.2. Local Area Network (LAN): What is a Local Area Network: A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and other components that enable devices to connect to internal servers, web servers, and other LANs via wide area networks. The rise of virtualization has also fueled the development of virtual LANs, which enable network administrators to logically group network nodes and partition their networks without a need for major infrastructure changes. For example, in an office with multiple departments, such as accounting, IT support, and

administration, each department's computers could be logically connected to the same switch but segmented to behave as if they are separate. Characteristics of LAN: ● The types of transmission media over which they can operate. ● The transport technique they use to transmit data over the network (that is, broadband or baseband). ● The access method, which is involved in determining who gets to use the network and when they get to use it. ● The topology, or mapping, of the network (that is, the physical and logical connections between the nodes on the network). Advantages of LAN: Resource Sharing: Sharing of resources such as hard disk drives, DVD drives and Printers are made easy in Local Area Network. For example all the resources can be connected to one single computer with a network so that whenever there is a need for resources it can be shared with the connected computers. Software Sharing: Another type of sharing made easy here is Software sharing. A single computer with the licensed software can be shared among other users in the network. There is no need to purchase an individual license for each and every computer in the network. All can be worked under one single license. Convenient Communication: Using LAN users can exchange messages and data in a convenient way. Since the data is placed on the server it can be accessed anytime by the LAN users. Every single LAN user can do this with others on the network. Hence, this not only saves lots of time, it ensures that messages get delivered to the right people. Centralized Data: As mentioned earlier data of the users are located at the centralized server. Any workstation in a particular network can be used to access this information. Moreover users can access their own set of data by logging into their respective accounts. Improved Security: Since data is stored on a local server, it can be guaranteed to be secure. If the data on the server is updated then simply all the LAN users can access them. In addition to that, the host has the capability to deny or allow users in a particular network so that additional security measurements can be imposed. Internet Sharing: LAN has the capability to share internet connection among all the LAN users. One single computer with an internet connection shares the internet with all the connected computers.

3.3. Wide Area Network (WAN): What is a Wide Area Network: Wide area networks are a form of telecommunication networks that can connect devices from multiple locations and across the globe. WANs are the largest and most expansive forms of computer networks available to date. These networks are often established by service providers that then lease their WAN to businesses, schools, governments or the public. These customers can use the network to relay and store data or communicate with other users, no matter their location, as long as they have access to the established WAN. Access can be granted via different links, such as virtual private networks (VPNs) or lines, wireless networks, cellular networks or internet access. For international organizations, WANs allow them to carry out their essential daily functions without delay. Employees from anywhere can use a business’s WAN to share data, communicate with coworkers or simply stay connected to the greater data resource center for that organization. Certified network professionals help organizations maintain their internal wide area network, as well as other critical IT infrastructure.

Characteristics of WAN: ● WAN has an enormous capacity and connects a large number of computers connected over a large geographical area. ● WAN provides connecting links between LAN and MAN to the network. ● Many users can connect and communicate with each other to share data and information in one network. ● The speed of the data transmission is sometimes fast and sometimes slow. ● The range of the WAN network is enormous to transfer the data across the globe. ● The data rate of WAN is low as compared to the data transfer rate of the local area network. ● WAN gives the facility of updated files and data from the server from the update with the new data, and then the entire device is connected to the network getting updates. ● In WAN, you can share applications and other resources with other users on the internet like LANs. ● Wide Area Network provides you to share the data to the entire device connected to a network. Advantages of WAN: Area Coverage: WAN generally covers geographical areas of large proportions (1000kms or more than that). Probably if your business offices are located at different locations, then without an effort all the branches can be communicated through WAN. For this purpose Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can provide leased lines. Centralized Data: Using WAN means that you can share the data connected to all the devices in the respective network. For an example you can set up a head office server and share the data among all the office branches. Hence, there is no need to purchase separate emails, files and backup servers.

center that operates 24/7 is the biggest challenge out of all. It is a full time job that needs assistance from network administrators and technicians. 3.4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): What is a Metropolitan Area Network: A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic region of the size of a metropolitan area. The term MAN is applied to the interconnection of local area networks (LANs) in a city into a single larger network which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network. The term is also used to describe the interconnection of several local area networks in a metropolitan area through the use of point-to-point connections between them. Characteristics of MAN: ● Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is an interconnection of the local area network (LAN). ● It is easier to interconnect between computers. ● Its network ranges in size from 5 to 50 km, and it could be surrounded by a small number of buildings to an entire city. ● It has a system for local video surveillance. ● The user generally owns a MAN, and they provide the services to multiple LAN networks. ● It gives the facility of sharing the resources to the entire region of MAN. ● They can connect LANs to WANs and provide internet connectivity. ● The data rate of the MAN network is medium to high. ● Metropolitan Area Networks gives high-quality voice, data, and video transmission. This is the reason to make a MAN network that works in the city. ● It mostly covers the town and cities in a maximum range of 50 km. ● They mostly used the medium of optical fiber cable. ● Data rates are enough for distributed computing applications

Advantages of MAN: Cost: MAN utilizes very less number of resources compared to WAN. Hence, implementation costs are greatly reduced. Moreover, combining both MAN and WAN networks is less expensive. Besides, all the data on the MAN network has been managed very efficiently in a centralized way. Therefore, MAN is highly cost effective. Email Service: Sending messages through email is quite efficient in MAN. Every Email that is being sent through MAN is of free charge and of high speed. Speed: MAN often uses fiber optics cables for its data transmission. Fiber optics cables are capable of offering speeds up to 1000Mbps. Hence, data and information can be transferred at a faster rate. Internet Sharing: Using MAN, users can share their internet connections with other users. By this way all the MAN users can experience high speed internet connectivity. Network Conversion: As mentioned earlier MAN is a mixture of two or more LAN networks. Since LAN has fast configuration of links, two LAN networks can be connected quickly. Disadvantages of MAN: Maintenance: MAN generally is difficult to manage especially when it becomes large. This is mainly due to safety issues and other additional configurations. Security: The probability of hackers attacking a MAN network is very high compared to LAN. Thus, data has the tendency to get hacked easily. In order to secure the data, well trained staff and safety equipment are needed. Technical Assistance: For installing a MAN network without any faults, it requires technical people with experience. The technical assistance needs to be from network administrators and troubleshooters. This can overall increase the installation cost. Wire Requirement: Comparing LAN and WAN, MAN requires additional wires for its operations. This is mainly due to the connection of two LAN networks. When there is a need for more wires, then there will be more cost in the network as well. Internet Speed: In order for its operations, MAN requires fiber optics cables which is quite expensive. It cannot operate on traditional copper wires that are normally present on a telephone. Despite this if the MAN is installed, users have to experience very slow internet speeds.

receiver because there can be many routes from sender to receiver and you should select the best possible route. ● Encapsulation: It refers to the process of taking one protocol and transferring it to some other protocol. ● Segmentation & Reassembly: It deals with segmenting the data message i.e. diving the data into packets when data flows from the upper protocol layer to lower, and reassembly is vice-versa of segmentation i.e. all the segmented packets are recollected in the correct order at the receiver side. ● Connection Control: It ensures connection oriented data transfer for lengthy data items. ● Multiplexing: It allows combining multiple transmission unit signals or channels of higher-level protocols in one transmission unit of a lower-level protocol. Multiplexing can be upward or downward. ● Ordered Delivery: Protocol facilitates ordered delivery of data, by providing a unique sequence number to each data packet. It is the function of the sender to maintain ordered delivery. By doing so, the receiver will receive the data in the same order as sent by the sender. ● Transmission Services: It mainly deals with priority, Quality of Service (QoS), and security of data packets. ● Addressing: It mainly deals with addressing levels, addressing scope, communication identifiers, and addressing modes. ● Flow Control: It facilitates the flow of data. It is the function of the receiver's end to maintain flow control of data. ● Error Control: It deals with error detection (using the checksum bits) and its control. If any error is detected during the transmission of the data, a request for retransmission of data is sent to the sender by the receiver, and the corrupt data packet is discarded.

5. Common network protocols: 5.1. HTTP:

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of the World Wide Web, and is used to load web pages using hypertext links. HTTP is an application layer protocol designed to transfer information between networked devices and runs on top of other layers of the network protocol stack. A typical flow over HTTP involves a client machine making a request to a server, which then sends a response message. It is the foundation of any data exchange on the web and also the protocol between the client (usually browser or any kind of device, program) and server (usually the cloud computers ). 1 complete doc is reproduced from different doctors are fetched - Fetching, such as text, layout description, image, video, script etc .. 5.2. TCP/IP: The Internet Protocol (IP) is the address system of the Internet and has the core function of delivering packets of information from a source device to a target device. IP is the primary way in which network connections are made, and it establishes the basis of the Internet. IP does not handle packet ordering or error checking. Such functionality requires another protocol, typically TCP. The TCP/IP relationship is similar to sending someone a message written on a puzzle through the mail. The message is written down and the puzzle is broken into pieces. Each piece then can travel through a different postal route, some of which take longer than others. When the puzzle pieces arrive after traversing their different paths, the pieces may be out of order. The Internet Protocol makes sure the pieces arrive at their destination address. The TCP protocol can be thought of as the puzzle assembler on the other side who puts the pieces together in the right order, asks for missing pieces to be resent, and lets the sender know the puzzle has been received. TCP maintains the connection with the sender from before the first puzzle piece is sent to after the final piece is sent. 5.3. ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol (short for ICMP), is a protocol of Internet Protocol package. This protocol is used by network devices as routers to send error messages to indicate whether a service exists or not, or whether a host address or router exists. ICMP can also be used to forward query messages. [1] This protocol is