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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date 20/08/2021 Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Pham Duc Phu Trong Student ID GCH Class GCH0907 Assessor name Nguyen Canh Khoa Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Trong Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
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Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Lecturer Signature:
- I. Introduction:.............................................................................................................................................................
- II. Network types and network standards:...................................................................................................................
- II.1 Network definition:............................................................................................................................................
- II.2 Network types:...................................................................................................................................................
- LAN (Local Area Network)................................................................................................................................
- 1.1 LAN Definition:...........................................................................................................................................
- 1.2 Advantage:.................................................................................................................................................
- 1.3 Disadvantage:.............................................................................................................................................
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network).................................................................................................................
- 2.1 MAN Definition:.........................................................................................................................................
- 2.2 Advantage:.................................................................................................................................................
- 2.3 Disadvantage:.............................................................................................................................................
- WAN (Wide Area Network)..............................................................................................................................
- 3.1 WAN Definition:.........................................................................................................................................
- 3.2 Advantage:.................................................................................................................................................
- 3.3 Disadvantage:.............................................................................................................................................
- II.3 Network standards, protocol and networking standard organization:..............................................................
- Network standard role:....................................................................................................................................
- Protocol:...........................................................................................................................................................
- 2.1. Definition:.................................................................................................................................................
- 2.2. TCP/IP........................................................................................................................................................
- 3 HTTP:.......................................................................................................................................................
- Networking standard organization:................................................................................................................
- III. Network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements:......................................................................
- III.1 Network topology:..........................................................................................................................................
- Network topology definition:.........................................................................................................................
- Type of network topology:.............................................................................................................................
- 2.1. Bus Network Topology:..........................................................................................................................
- 2.2. Ring Network Topology:.........................................................................................................................
- 2.3. Star Network Topology:..........................................................................................................................
- 2.4. Tree Network Topology...........................................................................................................................
- 2.5. Mesh Network Topology:........................................................................................................................
- 2.6. Hybrid Network Topology:......................................................................................................................
- III.2 Communication and bandwidth requirements:..............................................................................................
- IV. Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types............................................................
- IV.1 Networking devices:.......................................................................................................................................
- Router:...........................................................................................................................................................
- 1.1. Definition:...............................................................................................................................................
- 1.2. Operating principles of a router:............................................................................................................
- Bridge:............................................................................................................................................................
- 2.1. Definition:...............................................................................................................................................
- 2.2. Operating principles of a bridge:............................................................................................................
- Switch:............................................................................................................................................................
- 3.1. Definition:...............................................................................................................................................
- 3.2. Operating principles of a switch:............................................................................................................
- Gateway:........................................................................................................................................................
- 4.1. Definition:...............................................................................................................................................
- 4.2. Operating principles of a gateway:.........................................................................................................
- Hub:................................................................................................................................................................
- 5.1. Definition:...............................................................................................................................................
- 5.2. Operating principles of a Hub:................................................................................................................
- IV.2 Server Type:....................................................................................................................................................
- Web server:....................................................................................................................................................
- 1.2. Operating of web server:........................................................................................................................
- Mail Server:....................................................................................................................................................
- 2.1. Definition:...............................................................................................................................................
- 2.2. Operating of mail server:........................................................................................................................
- DNS server:.....................................................................................................................................................
- 3.2. Operating principles:...............................................................................................................................
- DHCP server:..................................................................................................................................................
- 4.1. Definition:...............................................................................................................................................
- 4.2. Operating principles of DHCP server:......................................................................................................
- FTP server:......................................................................................................................................................
- 5.1. Definition:...............................................................................................................................................
- 5.2. Operating principles of FTP server:.........................................................................................................
- V. Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking software...............................
- V.2 Networking Software:......................................................................................................................................
- V.3 Discuss the interdependence between workstation hardware and networking software:.............................
- VI. Conclusion:...........................................................................................................................................................
- Referencing list:.........................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 1 LAN Diagram..................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 2 MAN Diagram.................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 3 WAN Diagram.................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 4 Open System Interconnection model...........................................................................................................
- Figure 5 Network topology........................................................................................................................................
- Figure 6 Bus Topology................................................................................................................................................
- Figure 7 Ring Topology...............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 8 Star Topology...............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 9 Tree Topology..............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 10 Mesh Topology...........................................................................................................................................
- Figure 11 Hybrid Topology.........................................................................................................................................
- Figure 12 Router Device.............................................................................................................................................
- Figure 13 Bridge Description......................................................................................................................................
- Figure 14 Switch Device.............................................................................................................................................
1.1 LAN Definition: Jahejo (2021) pointed out: A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that links computers within a specific geographic area, such as a school, college, or university. Or we can understand local area networks or LANs are networks that are owned and operated by individuals. They are a convenient way for end users to share resources. Printers, file servers, scanners, and the internet are all easily shared among other computers connected to a network. 1.2 Advantage:
- Resource Sharing: A LAN allows computer resources such as printers, scanners, modems, DVD-ROM drives, and hard drives to be shared among connected devices. This lowers the cost of hardware and lowers the amount of money spent on it (Jahejo,2021).
- Software Application Sharing: Instead than acquiring separately licensed program for each client on a network, it is simple to use the same software on a number of computers linked to the local area network (Jahejo,2021).
- Communication is simple and inexpensive: Data and messages can be simply shared with other computers on the network (Jahejo,2021).
- Data Can Be Centralized: The data of all network users can be saved on the central/server computer's hard disk. This allows users to access data from any computer on the network (Jahejo,2021).
- Data Security: Because data is saved on the server computer, it will be easier to manage data from a single location while also being more secure (Jahejo,2021).
- Internet Sharing: A Local Area Network (LAN) allows all LAN users to share a single internet connection. A single internet connection is used to give internet to all linked computers in school laboratories and internet cafes (Jahejo,2021). 1.3 Disadvantage:
- Expensive Initial Setup Costs: Because special software is required to create a server, the initial setup costs of installing Local Area Networks are high. Furthermore, communication hardware such as ethernet cables, switches, hubs, routers, and cables are expensive (Jahejo,2021).
- Privacy Infringements: The LAN administrator has access to each LAN user's personal data files and can inspect them. He can also view the LAN user's PC and internet history (Jahejo,2021).
- Data Security Threat: If a server hard drive is not properly secured by the LAN administrator, unauthorized users can gain access to sensitive data of an office or campus (Jahejo,2021).
- LAN Maintenance Job: Because there are issues such as software installations, program errors, hardware failures, and cable disturbances in Local Area Network, a LAN Administrator is required. These difficulties demand the attention of a LAN Administrator (Jahejo,2021).
- Covers Limited Area: LANs have a limited area of operation, such as a single office, a single building, or a group of surrounding buildings (Jahejo,2021).
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
2.1 MAN Definition: A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that is larger than a single building local area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area network because it is located in a single geographic area (WAN). Several LANs are connected through dedicated backbone connections in most cases. It can also refer to a municipality's or region's public-use networking infrastructure (Wright, 2021). 2.2 Advantage: The high bandwidth afforded by the dedicated links of a metropolitan area network is the fundamental advantage of a MAN over a WAN. This application of a MAN delivers better speed and lower latency than would be achievable across a WAN, ranging from 1 gigabit per second to 100 gigabits per second. Because the company has control over the connection, it may use traffic shaping and improve security. And that is the biggest advantage of MAN (Wright, 2021). 2.3 Disadvantage: A MAN has a number of disadvantages over a WAN, including potentially higher costs, increased complexity, and additional difficulties for maintaining the links. A well-designed MAN will also have redundant connections, with at least two per building required (Wright, 2021).
- WAN (Wide Area Network) Figure 2 MAN Diagram
- Needs firewall and antivirus software: A firewall must be installed on the computer since data transported over the internet can be accessed and modified by hackers. Antivirus software must be installed since some persons can insert a virus into a computer. Other security software must also be deployed at various WAN points (Rehman, 2021).
- The setup cost is high: Setting up a WAN for the first time in a workplace is more expensive. It could entail buying routers, switches, and additional security software (Rehman, 2021).
- Troubleshooting problems: Because the WAN encompasses so many regions, resolving a problem in it is tough. The majority of WAN wires end up in the sea, and wires are occasionally broken. Fixing lines under the water takes a lot of resources. Many internet lines and routers are mixed up in rooms at ISP (Internet service provider) headquarters, and addressing internet difficulties needs a full-time workforce (Rehman, 2021).
- Server down and disconnection issue: ISP has issues in some regions due to a lack of electricity or a faulty line structure. Customers frequently experience problems with connectivity or Internet speed. The solution is to buy a dedicated line from your ISP (Rehman, 2021). II.3 Network standards, protocol and networking standard organization:
- Network standard role: Network standards are essential for ensuring that hardware and software can communicate with one another. You can't readily build a network to share information if you don't have standards. Formal and de facto network standards are the two types of network standards (Beal, 2021).
- Protocol: 2.1. Definition: _ The Internet Protocol is designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks. Such a system has been called a "catenet”. The internet protocol provides for transmitting blocks of data called datagrams from sources to destinations, where sources and destinations are hosts identified by fixed length addresses. The internet protocol also provides for fragmentation and reassembly of long datagrams, if necessary, for transmission through "small packet" networks (Postel, 1981). 2.2. TCP/IP _ IP is the part that obtains the address to which data is sent. TCP is responsible for data delivery once that IP address has been found. It's possible to separate them, but there isn’t really a point in making a difference between TCP and IP. Because they're so often used together, “TCP/IP” and the “TCP/IP model” are now recognized terminology (Fisher, 2021). _ The US Department of Defense created TCP/IP to define how computers communicate data from one device to another. TCP/IP places a high value on precision, and it takes numerous steps to verify that data is delivered accurately between the two machines. It accomplishes this in one method. If the system delivered the entire message in one piece and encountered a difficulty, the entire message would have to be sent again. TCP/IP instead divides each communication into packets, which are subsequently reassembled on the other end. In fact, if the initial route is
unavailable or congested, each packet may take a different route to the other computer. TCP/IP also splits the various communications tasks into layers. Each layer has a distinct purpose. Before being received on the other end, data passes through four levels (as explained in the following section). TCP/IP then reassembles the data and presents it to the recipient by going through these levels in reverse order (Fisher, 2021).
- 3 HTTP: _ Billions of JPEG images, HTML pages, text files, MPEG movies, WAV audio files, Java applets, and more cruise through the Internet catch and every day. HTTP moves the bulk of this information quickly, conveniently, and reliably from web servers all around the world to web browsers on people's desktops. Because HTTP uses reliable data-transmission protocols, it guarantees that your data will not be damaged or scrambled in transit, even when it comes from the other side of the globe. This is good for you as a user, because you can access information without worrying about its integrity. Reliable transmission is also good for you as an Internet application developer, because you don't have to worry about HTTP communications being destroyed, duplicated, or distorted in transit. You can focus on programming the distinguishing details of your application, without worrying about the flaws and foibles of the Internet (Gourley et al., 2002). 2.3. OSI: Balchunas (2021) pointed out: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and formalized in 1984. It provided the first framework governing how information should be sent across a network. The OSI model consists of seven layers, each corresponding to a specific network function: 2.4. Other protocols: DNS, DHCP, ICMP
- Networking standard organization: Figure 4 Open System Interconnection model
_ European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI): An organization with members from dozens of countries both within and outside Europe that is dedicated to developing telecommunications standards for the European market (and elsewhere). ETSI is known for, among other things, regulating the use of radio bandwidth in Europe and developing standards such as HiperLAN (Unknown, 2021). III. Network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements: III.1 Network topology:
- Network topology definition: Topology is a mathematical field that studies things with consistent features due to distortion. Objects can appear physically distinct while being topologically equivalent. Any two objects made with a basic rubber band, for example, are topologically equal if the band is not separated. Kirchoff circuit analysis is a well-known practical Topology-based analysis technique. Basic Topology is expanded into Computer Network Topology. The configuration of computer system parts and their linkages is studied in this area. The hardware involved with the system, such as workstations, remote terminals, servers, and the accompanying wiring between assets, is referred to as Physical Network Topology. Similar to Graph Theory analysis, Logical Network Topology (also known as Signal Topology) stresses the description of data flow between nodes. When certain network Figure 5 Network topology
equipment, such as routers, are used, the logical topography of a network can be dynamically altered (Meador, 2021).
- Type of network topology: 2.1. Bus Network Topology: In Bus Network Topology a single cable is used to connect all devices on the net. This cable is often referred to as the network Backbone. When communication occurs between nodes the device sending the message broadcasts to all nodes on the network, but only the desired recipient digests the message. Advantages of this A Survey of Computer Network Topology and Analysis Examples type of Physical Topology include ease of installation and minimization of the required cabling. Further, failure of a node attached to the network has no effect on other nodes attached to the network. Also messages from one node can be seen near simultaneously by all other nodes on the network. Disadvantages of this configuration include performance limits on the number of network nodes, and complete network communication stoppage if the cable fails (Meador, 2021). 2.2. Ring Network Topology: Ring Network Topology has each node in a network connected to two other nodes in the network in conjunction with the first and last nodes being connected. Messages from one node Figure 6 Bus Topology
Tree Network Topology is constructed from either making a set of Star Network Topologies subordinate to a central node, or by linking a set of Star Network Topologies together directly via a bus, thereby distributing the functionality of the central node among several Star Network Topology top level nodes. The top-level nodes from each Star Network are the elements linked via a bus in the second arrangement. (Teacher can see the picture) In simple Tree Network Topology no Star Network Topology subordinate nodes are connected to the bus. Messages in a Tree Network Topology can be either broadcast from the central node to all interconnected Star Networks or targeted to select Star Networks. One major advantage of the Tree Network Topology is the ease at which the network can be expanded. Expansion can be as simple as linking in an additional Star Network Topology onto the bus. Also, like the Star Network Topology there is localization of cabling failures with this configuration. However, if a Star Network top level node in the fails, or cabling to it fails an entire section of the network is lost to communication as opposed to just one subordinate node as in pure Star Network Topology (Meador, 2021). 2.5. Mesh Network Topology: Figure 9 Tree Topology
Mesh Network Topologies capitalize on path redundancy. This Topology is preferred when traffic volume between nodes is large. A proportion of nodes in this type of network have multiple paths to another destination node. With the exception of the Bi-directional Ring (and this was only when a failure was detected) each of the topologies discussed so far had only one path from message source to message destination. Thus, the probability of single point network failure is greatly minimized with Mesh Network Topology. A major advantage of the Mesh Network Topology is that source nodes determine the best route from sender to destination based upon such factor’s connectivity, speed, and pending node tasks. A disadvantage of Mesh Network Topologies is the large cost incurred in setting up the network. A further disadvantage of this type of network is the requirement for each node to have routing algorithm for path computation. A full mesh is described as each node being directly connected to every other node in the network. This type of topology is usually restricted to networks with a small number of nodes. A partial mesh is described as having some nodes in the network being indirectly connected to others in the network (Meador, 2021). 2.6. Hybrid Network Topology: This network topology is mixed by many types of topologies. It will bring some of advantages such as: Reliability because of among the networking topologies, the hybrid topology is the most reliable and safe for use. Because of its branching factor, the error detection is very fast in hybrid and for that troubleshooting is very easy. Thus, the overall reliability of the network topology is very high as it contains sub-networks. Due to the sub-branching of networks, if any network stop working or gets malfunctioned the overall network does not get affected for that and it will still be operational. If any fault occurs, the branching system restricts the impact of the working of networks because of its improved fault tolerance. However, it also has some of disadvantages such as: Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology: It is a type of network expensive. Design of a hybrid network is very complex. There is change hardware to Figure 11 Hybrid Topology
_ A router is a device that operates at the network layer of the OSI Reference Model. What this basically means is that a router examines network addresses and makes decisions about whether or not data on a local area network should remain on the network or should be transmitted to a different network. Although this level of operation may appear to be insignificant in comparison with a bridge which operates at the data link layer, in actuality there is a considerable difference in the routing capability of bridges and routers (Wiley, 1986). 1.2. Operating principles of a router: _ There are two types: dynamic and static routing. In the first case, a certain number of updated addresses is stored in the memory of the router, and the device itself sends test signals to the connected devices at certain intervals to check their status (Wiley, 1986). _ In the second case, the organization looks more complicated, since the routing table contains only clearly designated static (immutable) addresses, and when an unknown address is found that is not in the main list, it is ignored (blocked). As is already clear, using this principle of operation of the router provides maximum protection against possible interception of transmitted data packets by attackers. But the setup is quite complicated and time consuming (Wiley, 1986).
- Bridge: 2.1. Definition: A bridge is a LAN internetworking device originally developed to interconnect two networks within close proximity of one another. This type of bridge, which is often referred to as a local bridge, represents one of two types of bridges developed to interconnect local area networks. The second type of bridge is a remote bridge and converts LAN traffic into a wide area protocol which allows LANs to be interconnected via a WAN (Wiley, 1986). 2.2. Operating principles of a bridge: Bridges operate at the data link layer of the OSI Reference Model. This means that they use Media Access Control (MAC) addresses to make their frame forwarding decisions. When a bridge begins to operate it examines each frame transmitted on each network. By reading the source address included in each frame it obtains the ability to assemble a table of local addresses for each network. Since a destination address is included in each frame, it uses that address as a decision criterion for performing one of three operations-forwarding, filtering, or flooding the frame. If the destination address is in the local address table and represents a port other than the port the frame was received on, the bridge uses that address to forward the frame. If the frame's destination address is the port it was received on, the frame is already on the correct network. Thus, the bridge discards or filters the frame. If the destination address is not in the local address table, the bridge transmits the frame onto all ports other than the port the same was received on, a technique referred to as flooding (Wiley, 1986).
- Switch: 3.1. Definition: A switch is essentially a bridge with more than two ports. A bridge generally connects two networks. A switch often has the ability to connect many devices and networks. Switches operate as an OSI Layer 2 device (Solomon and Kim, n.d.). 3.2. Operating principles of a switch: They use MAC layer addresses and build address tables of devices connected to cach physical port. Switches that connect multiple devices or networks keep track of MAC layer addresses on all ports. When the switch sees an Ethernet frame destined for a specific MAC layer address, it forwards that frame to that port. There are two kinds of LAN switches. A Layer 2 switch is a device that operates at the Data Link Layer and examines the MAC layer addresses of Ethernet frames. Using this Information. filtering and forwarding tasks are performed by the MACC layer switch. Layer 2 switches come in 12-port, 24-port, and 48-port versions providing Individual Ethernet LAN segments per port. This maximizes performance and provides a dedicated Ethernet LAN segment per device that connects to that port. A Layer 3 switch is a device that operates at either the Data Link Layer or Network Layer. Layer 3 switches typically have software that lets them function like a Layer 2 switch or multiport MAC layer bridge. Layer 3 switches usually operate at the Network Layer that examines the network layer address within the Ethernet frame. The IP addresses typically are found in the Network Layer of the Ethernet frame. An IP address is like a zip code for mailing a letter. It has both a network number and a host number, which is used to route IP packets to the appropriate destination IP network. By looking up the destination IP network number in the Layer 3 switches IP routing table, a path determination decision can be made by the Layer 3 switch. A Layer 3 switch provides each device connected to its ports with its own Ethernet LAN segment. Layer 3 switches typically have resiliency or a redundant path connection to a building or campus Figure 14 Switch Device
