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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing
Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure
Submission date Date Received 1st submission
Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission
Student Name Nguyen Xuan Tuan Student ID GCD
Class GCD1105 Assessor name
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Introduction
Currently, the network is a common utility in life. It has a long history of development
with diverse models and complex modes of operation. In this assignment, the benefits
and limitations of network types will be discussed, the concepts of network types,
protocols, and network standards will also be introduced and analyzed. The impact of
network topology will be explained in the next section. Here, the concepts, how the
network topology works is the main issue, in addition, communication and bandwidth
are also explored. Part three, the operating principles of network equipment and
servers is an important issue. Common network devices and some types of Server will
be introduced to the concept and how it works. The last part will be discussed with the
main issue being the interdependence of workstation hardware with network software.
They will be introduced and analyze the dependence of these two factors.
P1 Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards
Currently, the network has grown and popularized globally. It is estimated that there
are about 5 billion people using it, which is a huge number. It shows the benefits of
networking, we have many devices that can connect to the network: PC, laptop,
mobile phone, etc. These are called terminals or servers (Kurose and Ross, 2017).
1. Type of networks.
We have a lot of different networks and network standards, I will analyze each of them.
1.1. LAN.
A local area network (LAN) is a network with a relatively small area of coverage. It is
usually contained within a physical space such as a writing lab, school, or structure.
Servers and workstations are two types
of computers that are connected to the
internet. Servers are typically not used
by humans directly, but instead run in
the background to provide "services" to
other computers (and their users) on the
network. Workstations are so named
because they are frequently used by
users to interact with the network. A
workstation was once thought to be a
desktop computer that included a
computer, keyboard, monitor, and
mouse (Winkelman,2013).
Figure 1: Local area network
The nature of a LAN is determined by three factors:
Topology : Includes Bus, Tree, Ring, Start, etc.
Medium Access control (MAC) : MAC depends on 2 key parameters, they are Where
and How (Pavani, Chandrika and Krishna, 2012). Whether control is centralized or
distributed is referred to as Where. The topology determines How, which is a trade-off
between conflicting criteria such as cost, performance, and complexity.
Transmission Media: Twisted pair, coax, and fiber optic are the most commonly used
types today.
Advantages: It has the basic benefits of sharing resources, sharing application
software, increasing productivity (Pavani, Chandrika and Krishna, 2012).
Resource sharing: With network peripherals such as computers, printers are shared with
workstations with no hardware requirements. This helps businesses reduce costs and at
the same time improve productivity at work. Standard computer hardware is used
Advantages: Service integration is the most prominent feature of MAN networks
(Conti, Gregori and Lenzini, 1997). Low cost package transportation service is
provided with many different types of traffic, as diverse as calls, videos, etc. The
facilities are high enough and not too expensive to ensure the quality of the service.
The ability to connect at high speeds is also a great aspect of this network. The speed
can be up to 100-155 Mpbs and a large range of 100km, which can serve the direction,
state administrative management, information exchange, provision of public
administrative services, and commercial development. e-commerce, etc.
Disadvantages: Having an average bandwidth to run applications, e-commerce
services, applications in the banking system. The wide range of connectivity is also a
difficulty of this network. The issue of information security is also difficult because of its
large scope. Along with that is the high cost to build transmission facilities and facilities.
Compared to LAN, the administration of MAN is also much more complicated because
it is basically the aggregation of many LANs.
1.3. WAN
WAN (Wide Area Network), also known as
wide area network, is a combination of urban
networks including MAN and LAN through
satellite equipment, optical cables, and
power cables.
The main protocol used in WAN is
TCP/IP protocol. The connection line of
the WAN network has a bandwidth that
varies according to each installation
location. For example, if installed in a
particular area or in a country, the
bandwidth of the transmission line varies
greatly from 56Kbps to T1 with 1,
Mbps or E1 with 2,048 Mbps, … and to
Gigabit-Gbps, it is the backbone
connecting countries or continents.
Figure 3: WAN
Advantages: Scope of connection: Can both connect into a private network and can
create large connections, covering an entire country or globally, this is the biggest
advantage of WAN that other networks do not have, it helps the entire country to be
linked together with the ability to transmit a very wide and unlimited connection signal.
The ability to control user access of this network is also appreciated, IP is often used
in this. Good security: it's what everyone wants. While this is not perfect, it is better
than other networks. Easy and fast information sharing: We use the same "big system",
with a large scale, information and knowledge are shared quickly and effectively. We
can call it the common human brain.
Disadvantages: Security: Wide area networks are more vulnerable to security threats
than LANs and MANs. One of the most significant drawbacks of WANs is security, as
various persons can access data from other machines. Viruses are a major contributor
since they are simple to propagate and infect the user's device. High setup costs:
Initially, setting up a WAN that covers a broad geographic region is costly. It might
include the acquisition of routers, switches, and additional security software, among
other things. Troubleshooting: A WAN spans such a vast geographical region, network
troubleshooting is a challenging task. The majority of WAN wires are in the water, and
if they are broken, the network would be disrupted. Repairing the underwater pipes will
take a lot of effort. WAN maintenance: It is a full-time task that needs significant
technical expertise on the part of network supervisors and technicians after it is set up.
2. Protocols:
A set of standards for exchanging information between two computer systems or two
computer devices is called a protocol. Protocols are the rules or standards that govern
communication (Blank,2002). The main components of a protocol include: data format,
encryption method. and signal
levels.
The main purpose of the
protocol is to communicate
between machines, in addition it
has several functions such as:
Encapsulation, Segmentation
and Aggregation, Link Control,
Monitoring, Flow Control, Error
Control, Synchronize.
Figure 4: Protocols
Network standards:
According to Hunt (1998), When computers communicate, a set of rules must be
defined to govern their interactions. These set of rules are commonly known as
protocols in data communication, they must be unified around the world. To solve that
problem, standard protocols emerged (Hunt, 1998).
OSI: The network architecture in the OSI model is characterized as a hierarchy of
independent layers comprising modules that execute specific functions. This translates
to a set of guidelines that specify how network nodes must interact in order to
communicate and share data. In today's sophisticated computer systems, the OSI
model specifies the conventional connections between hardware and software
(Burgess, 2004).
This model has 7 layers: Application, presentation, session, transport, network control,
data link, physical.
Figure 6: 7 layers of OSI (https://www.bmc.com/blogs/osi-model-7-layers/)
A Layer 2 device, for example, or a Layer 3 device, are terms used to describe
network devices. The OSI layer on which the device functions are described below. In
general, the higher up on the network layer a device works, the more complicated it is.
HTTP : At the heart of the Web is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the Web's
application layer protocol (Kurose and Ross, 2017). These two programs are executed
on different system terminals, communicating with each other by exchanging HTTP
messages. The structure of these messages and how the client and server exchange
messages are determined by HTTP. HTTP operates at layer 7 (Application) of the OSI
model.
A base HTML file and some referenced objects appear on most Web pages (Kurose
and Ross, 2017). The URLs of the other items on the page are referenced in the basic
HTML file. Each URL contains two parts: the hostname of the server hosting the item
and the path name of the object.
Figure 7: URL of a web
Advantage and benefit: HTTP Connection is Intermittent: HTTP Connection is
Intermittent. The typical procedure for handling and responding to HTTP requests is as
follows: the Client initiates the request, the Client disconnects from the Server to await a
response, the Server processes the request, the Server reconnects to the Client and
delivers the response. Independence is the second fundamental characteristic of HTTP.
You can transfer any form of data via HTTP as long as the contents of the data are under
the control of both the machine and the client. HTTP is stateless: The third property of
HTTP is that it is connectionless. The server and client only know each other for the
duration of the current request; they will quickly forget each other. Furthermore, both the
client and the server may keep track of requests for web pages. Absolute security: The
website's data is protected by encryption. Hackers cannot access and steal website data.
This creates absolute safety and security for the website.
DNS: A distributed database is the Domain Name System (DNS). This enables for
local control of the segments of the overall database, but data in each segment is
accessible across the network via a client server scheme (Liu, Albitz and Loukides,
1998). Like HTTP, DNS also operates at layer 7 (Application) of the OSI model.
DNS functions as an "interpreter" and "communicator." DNS will translate the domain
name into an IP address, which is made up of four sets of digits.
When "translate," the browser will recognize you and you can log in. When users join
in to a website, instead of having to memorize and type in a sequence of IP addresses,
they may simply type in the website's name, which the browser will identify
automatically.
A unique IP address is assigned to each computer connected to the Internet. To begin a
connection, this IP address is used to create a connection between the server and the
client. When you visit a random website or send an email, DNS plays a critical role.
Nobody will be able to recall every sequence of IP address in each login from the
world's numerous websites. As a result, the notion of domain names was created,
which allowed each website to be identified by a distinct name.
The word “topology” in a communication network refers to the method in which the
network's end points, or stations, are connected (Singh and Ramola, 2014). It has 2
types: Physical and Logical topology.
Physical topology : The hardware
connected with the system, such as
workstations, remote terminals, servers,
and the related wiring between assets, is
referred to as Physical Network Topology.
The physical topology of the systems
determines how they are physically
connected (Singh and Ramola, 2014).
The shape of the cabling layout used to
link devices is called the physical
topology of the network. This refers to the
layout of cabling, the locations of nodes,
and the interconnections between the
nodes and the cabling.
Figure 9: Physical topology
Logical topology : The depiction of data flow between nodes is important to logical
network topology. The primary function of logical topology is to allow various systems
to communicate across physical topologies (Singh and Ramola, 2014).
Figure 9: Logical topology
Shared media topology and token-based topology are the two types of logical
topologies.
Physical topology Logical topology
The network's physical configuration is
The logistics of a network concerned
with data transmission are depicted. depicted.
The layout may be changed to suit your
There isn't any interfering or
manipulating going on here. needs.
It's possible to organize it in a star, ring,
It may be found in both bus and ring
topologies. mesh, or bus topology.
Based on device selection and
This has a significant influence on data
packet delivery and speed. It also availability, this has a significant
controls data flow and ensures that data influence on network cost, scalability, packets are delivered in a timely and bandwidth capacity. manner.
It is the transmission path in its true
It's a simplified depiction of data flow.
form.
The network's physical link.
The network's data route was followed.
Table 2: Compare Physical topology and Logical topology
I will analyze some common network topologies:
Bus : The sent message is carried over the cable via the bus topology. As the
message arrives at each device (node), it is checked to determine if the message's
destination address matches its own (Singh and Ramola, 2014). In this architecture, a
single network cable runs throughout the
building or campus, and all nodes
are connected to it through two
ends known as the bus.
For the bus, all stations are
connected to the linear
transmission medium or bus via
appropriate hardware interfaces
called TAP (Pavani, Chandrika
and Krishna, 2012). Full-duplex
operation (sending and receiving
between the station and the tap
allows data to be transmitted onto
the bus and retrieved from the
bus. To eliminate reflection, there
is a terminator at each end of the
bus.
Figure 10: Bus topology
Advantages
Disadvantages
When compared to other forms of
This type of network
connection has the cost of networks, ring networks may network wiring and expensive traverse greater distances. intermediate equipment. Ring networks provide great
The failure of a single performance for small groups of
computer on a network can workstations or for larger networks
have a significant impact on with similar workloads at each the entire network. station.
In a ring network, finding bug There is no signal loss in Ring is challenging. topology, unlike Bus topology,
The distance from the because the tokens are data
machine to the center is very packets that are re-generated at limited (100 m). The ability to each node.
expand the network Ring networks are simple to expand. completely depends on the
capacity of the center.
Table 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring
Star : All components are connected by a central hub in a star topology. The host
computer serves as the central hub
in a Star architecture, with a node at
the end of each connection. Data is
sent through the hub by nodes to
communicate throughout the network
(Singh and Ramola, 2014). Each
node is wired back to the hub, the
two are next to each other but can be
quite far from the server. The central
hub makes all the routing decisions
so that other workstations can
simplify. This is a typical architecture
for connecting terminals to a big time-
shared host machine.
Figure 12: Start topology
Advantages Disadvantages
- If one machine fails, the rest will
- Because the machines must be
connected to the center, the not be affected. number of wires needed is very
- The hub can detect (^) the faulty large. machine and isolate it.
- Hub plays the most important
- Maintenance and new additions role, if Hub fails, the whole are not difficult and do not affect machine can't connect. other machines.
- Some star networks require a
- Cables can be used by many device at a central point to different types in the same convert or replay network traffic. network, hub.
- In^ addition,^ good^ performance^ is
also a plus.
Table 5: Advantages and Disadvantages of Star
Tree : The most popular topology is Tree topology, which is a LAN topology in which
any two nodes on the network have just one path (Singh and Ramola, 2014). The tree
topology is a structure similar to the star topology, however the nodes are connected
to the secondary hub, only it is connected to the central hub. The bus and star
topology can be called the foundation of the Tree because it is a collection of many
Buses or Stars. In the Tree, Start is connected to the Mainline Bus backbone.
Figure 13: Tree topology
Advantages Disadvantages
The network traffic can be routed
The amount of cabling needed is
considerable. to another node if the one fails.
It is necessary to have a high Fault isolation is simple with
number of I/O (input/output) point-to-point connections.
ports. As messages move through a
designated lane, privacy
between computers is
preserved.
It's a lot easier to figure out
what's wrong with your network.
Table 7: Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh
Hybrid : A hybrid topology is a network configuration that combines two or more different
network topologies. Bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree
topology are examples of these topologies (Kurose and Ross, 2017).
I would recommend the Star-Ring topology: A hybrid topology that combines star and
ring topologies is known as a star-ring hybrid topology. A ring topology is used to link
two or more stars topologies together.
Figure 15: Star-Ring topology (Hybrid)
Advantages Disadvantages
If a node fails in the midst of the
High complexity due to the need
to combine many topologies. network, it is conceivable that the
Large construction costs. damaged node will be
disconnected from the remainder
of the network and the network
processing will be unaffected.
Apply the advantages of many
topologies.
Easily expandable.
High flexibility.
Table 8: Table: Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid
2. Communication and bandwidth requirements:
Communication : The sending and receiving of data from sending and receiving
sources using transmission protocols is referred to as communication.
There are three basic types of communication: Simplex, Half-duplex, and full-duplex.
Simplex is a one-way communication with all time intervals. Information can be
transmitted from device A to device B
at all times but B can only receive
and cannot communicate back. Half-
duplex is the basic form of 2-way
communication, both devices can
communicate with each other on a
channel, but in a certain period of
time, only one device will share
information. Full-duplex is a form of
communication on two different
channels, both devices can send and
receive information at any time (Alani,
Figure 16: (a) is Simplex, (b) is Half-duplex, (c) is Full-duplex
It has a few requirements: Sending device, this device initiates the transmission of
data and information. Receiving device Accepts information or data transmitted to
Communication device helps to connect the incoming communication channel to the
receiving device. Communication equipment is responsible for connecting the sending
