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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Computing Fundamental Submission date 28 / Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Truong Van Diep Student ID BH Class CF02.03 Assessor name NGUYEN THANH TRIEU Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature An
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I. Introducsion.
- A computer is a machine that can be programmed to perform sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. Modern digital electronic computers can execute generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs allow computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A computer system is a nominally complete computer that includes the hardware, operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment required for full operation. This term can also refer to a group of computers that are linked and work together, such as a computer network or computer cluster.
- A computer is an electronic device that can control data or information. It is capable of storing, retrieving, and processing data. You can, for example, use your computer to perform basic tasks such as typing documents, sending emails, playing games, and surfing the web. to more advanced tasks such as text editing, programming, or device management...
- Before we get into the various types of computers, let's talk about two things that all computers have in common: hardware and software: - Hardware is any component of a computer that has a physical fabric, which means it can be held, held, or touched, such as a keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer's internal components. To summarize, a computer or computer system's common hardware components are as follows: monitor, mouse, keyboard, printer, scanner, computer case, power supply, CPU processor, motherboard, extension cords, speakers, floppy drives, hard disk drives, CDROM drive, DVD drive, VGA graphics card, wifi card, sound card, cooler heatsink unit. - Software is a collection of instructions or instructions written in one or more programming languages in a specific order, as well as related data or documents, that are intended to perform certain tasks or functions automatically or to solve a specific problem. Software performs its functions by directly sending instructions to the hardware (or computer hardware) or by providing data to other programs or software. Software differs from hardware in that it is "software that cannot be touched or touched," and it requires hardware to execute. Web browsers, games, and word processors are examples of popular software. Below is a screenshot of Microsoft PowerPoint, which was used to create the slideshow.
- Every task you perform on your computer will necessitate the use of both hardware and software. For example, right now you can view this article in a web browser (software) and navigate through it with your mouse (hardware). As you learn about the various types of computers, consider the differences in their hardware. This guide will show you that different types of computers frequently use different types of software.
for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub- systems, such as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use.
- Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and daughterboards: sound cards, video cards, network cards, host bus adapters, TV tuner cards, IEEE 1394 cards; and a variety of other custom components.
- Similarly, the term mainboard describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other embedded systems with limited expansion abilities B- The GPU
- The graphics processing unit, or GPU, has become one of the most important types of computing techno ogy, both for personal and busıness computing Designed for parallel processing, the GPU is used in a wide range of applications, including graphics and video rendering. Although they're best known for their capabilities in gaming, GPUs are becoming more popular for use in creative production and artificial intelligence (AI).
- GPU were originally designed to accelerate the rendering of 3D graphics. Over time, they became more flexible and programmable, enhancing their capabilities. This allowed graphics programmers to creale more interesting visual cffects and realistic scenes with advanced lighting and shadowing C- The CPU
- The CPU s the core component that defines the computing device, and despite its special importance, the CPU can only work n conjunction wth other hardware. The silicon chip resides in a special socket lbcated on the nain circuit board (motherboard or mainboard) inside the device It s separate from memory, which is a temporary storage of information. It also distinguishes from the graphics card or graphics chip, which renders vide0 and 3D graphics displayed on your screen.
- CPUs are made by placng billions ofmicroscopic transistors on a computer chip. Those transistors alow it to perform the calzulations necded to run programs stored on your system memory. They are cffectively on or off minute gates that convey the ls or Os that translate into everything you do with the device, be it watching videos or writing emails. D- RAM
- Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. A random- access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage media (such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum memory), where the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement.
- RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the data lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry. E-Internal memory.
- Internal memory also known as main memory,is a fairly important physical component located in a computer. It helps store and process all programs or applications operating on the computer. This memory cannot be separated from the computer when it comes to internal memory, we often refer to its two main components: RAM and ROM.
- Computer memory can be classified either as internal memory or as external memory. The internal memory is the one that is directly accessible to the processor via system bus and the external memory is accessed via input-output channels of the computer.
- Internal memory is also referred to as the primary memory or the main memory of the computer. The internal memory is used to hold the instructions or data that is currently being executed.
- The internal memories of the computer are made up of semiconductor material usually silicon. This memory is costlier and is usually small in size as compared to the external memory.
- Hardware caches are a collection or a record of memory for the temporary virtual storage of data that may be or may not be used again and again. They are used by the CPU and hard disk.
- An in-network cache is an approach to evolving the internet infrastructure away from a host-centric paradigm and end-to-end principle.
- They consist of Information-centric networking, policies, TLRU, LFRU, etc. Software cache is managed by hardware and a variety of software. They include disk cache, web cache, memorization, and other caches.
- Caches are very advantageous to use. They make everything run faster as well as save data. Futuristically, they are used to save data in the long term.
- Everything has its pros and cons, even caches have cons like they take up a lot of storage space. They also corrupt the data and cause the app to behave miserably, and prevent these apps from loading the latest version of a webpage. b- Why is it necessary?
- Cache memory operates between 10 to 100 times faster than RAM, requiring only a few nanoseconds to respond to a CPU request. it improves the efficiency of data retrieval.
- Cache memory access time is nearly identical to CPU cycle time. As a result, cache memory aids in increasing computer performance.
- Cache memory stores the portion of programs that are currently being executed in the CPU as well as any temporary data required for computation.
- It serves as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. 3. State the role of the operating system in a computer system. c- Compare Cache and RAM?
- The difference between Cache and Ram is that cache is faster, smaller, and more expensive as compared to RAM. The cache is a faster virtual memory component that regularly and frequently stores data and programs from the CPU, whilst on the other hand, RAM is a virtual computing device that stores the current data and programs by the CPU. The cache holds documents and files of data and programs commonly required and used
by the CPU while RAM serves as primary memory and stores data and programs usable currently.
- CPU checks the cache for the data it needs amongst its three types, namely Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 caches. Level 1 is small and situated inside the CPU, whereas Level 2 and Level 3 are outside the CPU and larger as compared to Level 1.
- RAM is the main, essential, or primary memory that helps in faster and more rapid execution of tasks assigned since the CPU requires a longer duration time to access and acquire data from the hard disk.
- Thus, this requires a continuous and non-stop flow of power to maintain the data. There are two types of RAM, namely SRAM, and DRAM.
3. State the role of the operating system in a computer system a- What is the operating system?
- An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
- An operating system is software that enables applications to interact with a computer's hardware. The software that contains the core components of the operating system is called the kernel.
- The primary purposes of an Operating System are to enable applications to interact with a computer's hardware and to manage a system's hardware and software resources.
- Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc. Today, Operating systems is found almost in every device like mobile phones, personal computers, mainframe computers, automobiles, TV, Toys etc. b- Why use an operating system?
- An operating system provides significant advantages to computer software and software development. Without an operating system, each application would have to include its own UI as well as the extensive code required to handle all low-level computer functionality such as disk storage, network interfaces, and so on. Given the vast array of underlying hardware available, this would significantly increase the size of each application and render software development impractical.
- Instead, many common tasks, such as sending a network packet or displaying text on a standard output device, such as a display, can be delegated to system software, which acts as a bridge between applications and hardware. The system software allows applications to interact with the hardware in a consistent and repeatable manner without the applications needing to know any details about the hardware.
- An operating system brings powerful benefits to computer software and software development. Without an operating system, every application would need to include its own UI, as well as the comprehensive code needed to handle all low-level functionality of the underlying computer, such as disk storage, network interfaces and so on. Considering the vast array of underlying hardware available, this would vastly bloat the size of every application and make software development impractical.
- Instead, many common tasks, such as sending a network packet or displaying text on a standard output device, such as a display, can be offloaded to system software that serves as an intermediary between the applications and the hardware. The system software provides a consistent and repeatable way for applications to interact with the hardware without the applications needing to know any details about the hardware.
- As long as each application accesses the same resources and services in the same way, that system software -- the operating system -- can service almost any number of applications. This vastly reduces the amount of time and coding required to develop and debug an application, while ensuring that users can control, configure and manage the system hardware through a common and well-understood interface.
- Once installed, the operating system relies on a vast library of device drivers to tailor OS services to the specific hardware environment. Thus, every application may make a common call to a storage device, but the OS receives that call and uses the corresponding driver to translate the call into actions (commands) needed for the underlying hardware on that specific computer. Today, the operating system provides a comprehensive platform that identifies, configures and manages a range of hardware, including processors; memory devices and memory management; chipsets; storage; networking; port communication, such as Video Graphics Array (VGA), High- Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and Universal Serial Bus (USB); and subsystem interfaces, such as Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe). c- Functions of an operating system.
- Security – The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.
- Control over system performance – Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. records the response time between service requests and system response
devices connected to the system. designates a program responsible for every device known as the Input/Output controller. Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way. Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.
- File Management – A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the following file management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access settings and status of every file, and more… These facilities are collectively known as the file system.
- Moreover, Operating System also provides certain services to the computer system in one form or the other. The Operating System provides certain services to the users which can be listed in the following manner:
- Program Execution : The Operating System is responsible for the execution of all types of programs whether it be user programs or system programs. The Operating System utilizes various resources available for the efficient running of all types of functionalities.
- Handling Input/Output Operations : The Operating System is responsible for handling all sorts of inputs, i.e, from the keyboard, mouse, desktop, etc. The Operating System does all interfacing in the most appropriate manner regarding all kinds of Inputs and Outputs. For example, there is a difference in the nature of all types of peripheral devices such as mice or keyboards, the Operating System is responsible for handling data between them.
- Manipulation of File System : The Operating System is responsible for making decisions regarding the storage of all types of data or files, i.e, floppy disk/hard disk/pen drive, etc. The Operating System decides how the data should be manipulated and stored.
- Error Detection and Handling : The Operating System is responsible for the detection of any type of error or bugs that can occur while any task. The well- secured OS sometimes also acts as a countermeasure for preventing any sort of breach to the Computer System from any external source and probably handling them.
- Resource Allocation: The Operating System ensures the proper use of all the resources available by deciding which resource to be used by whom for how much time. All the decisions are taken by the Operating System.
- Accounting: The Operating System tracks an account of all the functionalities taking place in the computer system at a time. All the details such as the types of errors that occurred are recorded by the Operating System.
- Information and Resource Protection: The Operating System is responsible for using all the information and resources available on the machine in the most protected way. The Operating System must foil an attempt from any external resource to hamper any sort of data or information. III. Conclusion.
- Computers have long been a part of our lives and continue to shape the world and human capabilities. However, as we all know, it has both positive and negative consequences.
- Computers simplify our lives. Instead of rummaging through all the documents to find the answer to every question or concern, we simply type a few keywords into GOOGLE. The computer's capabilities are not limited to any field: medicine uses it to diagnose the body, fashion designers, architects, and computers open new horizons. Computers now control other machines in production, and humans only keep track.
- Many people gain knowledge through the use of computers, but many people also suffer from health issues. We gradually lose interest in sports and physical activities. Many people (especially students) would rather sit for hours at a computer, play games or surf the web, live virtually, than go outside to breathe fresh air without considering the effects or harm they may cause.
- Books, which have been an invaluable source of knowledge since antiquity, have fallen to second place, giving way to computers with Internet connections. That is understandable given the current circumstances. Why read something when you can get a mountain of information with a few clicks? Even if you want to read occasionally, you don't have to go to the library or the bookstore; the problem is that the computer provides you with hundreds of bookshelves, just like a library. Not only that, but the Internet is a means of reconnecting friends, allowing us to maintain seemingly forgotten relationships between friends of the same age, or between sympathetic people who happen to know each other.
- It should also not overlook its significance for the disabled, who do not have direct access to the outside world.
https://emteria.com/learn/operating-system https://vi.wikipedia.org
