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ASSIGNMENT 2 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Computing Fundamental Submission date 29 / 5 Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name MAI ICH KIEN Student ID BH Class CF02. 02 Assessor name NGUYEN THANH TRIEU Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature
❒ Summative Feedback: ❒ Resubmission Feedback: Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Lecturer Signature:
I. Introduction
- A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices, such as computers, servers, printers, and other peripherals, that can communicate with each other and share resources. The purpose of a network is to allow these devices to exchange information and collaborate on tasks over short or long distances.
- Networks can be classified based on their size and geographic scope. A Local Area Network (LAN) is a small network that covers a relatively small area such as a home, office, or building. A Wide Area Network (WAN), on the other hand, covers a large geographical area such as multiple cities, countries, or even continents. The Internet is the largest WAN in the world.
- There are several types of networks that serve different purposes: o Client-server network: In this type of network, one or more centralized servers provide services and resources to multiple client devices. The clients request and receive data from the server(s). o Peer-to-peer network: In this type of network, all devices are considered equal peers and can share resources and information directly with each other without relying on a central server. o Wireless network: This type of network uses radio waves or infrared signals to connect devices without requiring physical cables. o Cloud network: This type of network uses cloud computing technology to enable remote access to shared computing resources, applications, and data.
- To enable communication between devices, networks use various protocols and technologies, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, TCP/IP, HTTP, DNS, and many others. Understanding network architecture, protocols, and hardware is essential for designing, building, and managing modern computer networks.
II. Content
1. Describes the Internet’s addressing system. Why divide Internet address into classes? a, What is a Internet’s addressing system?
- The Internet's addressing system is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system used to identify and locate computers, services, and resources connected to the Internet. It assigns unique identifiers called IP addresses (Internet Protocol addresses) to every device connected to the Internet. IP addresses are represented as a series of four numbers separated by dots, for example, 192.168.0.1.
- There are two versions of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and can support approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. With the growth of the Internet and proliferation of connected devices, IPv4 addresses are becoming scarce. IPv6 uses 128 - bit addresses, which can accommodate an almost infinite number of unique addresses.
- Domain Name System (DNS) is a crucial part of the Internet's addressing system. DNS translates human-readable domain names like google.com into their corresponding IP addresses that computers use to communicate with each other. This makes it easier for people to remember website names while computers use IP addresses to find and connect to them. b, The parts of your IP address
- An IP address has two parts: thE network ID , comprising the first three numbers of the address, and host ID , the fourth number in the address. So on your home network — 192.168.1.1, for example – 192.168.1 is the network ID, and the final number is the host ID.
- The Network ID indicates which network the device is on. The Host ID refers to the specific device on that network. (Usually your router is .1, and each subsequent device gets assigned .2, .3, and so on.)
- You may not always want the outside world to know exactly which device and network you're using. In this case, it’s possible to mask your IP address from the outside world through a Virtual Private Network (VPN). When you use a VPN, it prevents your network from revealing your address.
d, Why divide Internet address into classes IP Header Classes: 1
- The original Internet addressing scheme, IPv4, divides addresses into classes based on the number of bits used to represent the network and host portions. This classful addressing system was introduced at a time when the Internet was still relatively small and simple.
- The main reason for dividing Internet addresses into classes was to allocate blocks of IP addresses efficiently. The idea was that organizations would be assigned different classes of IP addresses depending on their size and the number of hosts they needed to connect to the Internet. This would make it easier to manage and route network traffic across the Internet.
- IP addresses are divided into classes so that they can be assigned to a particular business, government or other entity based on size and need. There are five IP classes plus certain special addresses: o Special addresses:
▪ Default Network - The IP address of 0.0.0.0 is used for the default network. ▪ Loopback - The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used as the loopback address. This is used by the computer to send a message back to itself, usually for troubleshooting and network testing. ▪ Broadcast - Messages intended for all computers on a network are sent as broadcasts. These messages use the IP address 255.255.255.255. o Classes: ▪ Class A - These are reserved for very large networks, like a huge international company. Class A networks account for half of the total available IP addresses. The first set of numbers in the IP address for this class are 1-126. ▪ Class B - These are reserved for medium sized networks, like a university (𝑎𝑛)𝑚^ = 𝑎𝑛𝑚 ▪ 191. ▪ Class C - These are typically used for small businesses. The first set of numbers in the IP address for this class range from 192 to 223. ▪ Class D - These are used for multicasts. A multicast enables a message to be transmitted to a group of hosts, instead of having to address and send the message to each group member individually. ▪ Class E - These are used for experimental purposes.
- While classful addressing provided a simple way to allocate IP addresses early on, it has become outdated due to the growth of the Internet and the need for a more flexible and efficient allocation system. The current system, known as Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), allows for more granular allocation of IP addresses and better conservation of address space.
b, 10101111 (10101111)₂ = (1 × 2⁷) + (0 × 2⁶) + (1 × 2⁵) + (0 × 2⁴) + (1 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = 128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = (175)₁₀
c, 11010110 (11010110)₂ = (1+2⁷) + (1 × 2⁶) + (0 × 2⁵) + (1 × 2⁴) + (0 × 2³) + (1 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (0 × 2⁰) = 128 + 64 + 16 + 4 + 2 = (214)₁₀
b, 104
- When 104 is divided by 2, the quotient is 52 and the remainder is 0.
- When 52 is divided by 2, the quotient is 26 and the remainder is 0.
- When 26 is divided by 2, the quotient is 13 and the remainder is 0.
- When 13 is divided by 2, the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 1.
- When 6 is divided by 2, the quotient is 3 and the remainder is 0.
- When 3 is divided by 2, the quotient is 1 and the remainder is 1.
- When 1 is divided by 2, the quotient is 0 and the remainder is 1.
- Write the remainders from bottom to top. (104) 10 = (1101000) 2
c, 210
- When 210 is divided by 2, the quotient is 105 and the remainder is 0.
- When 105 is divided by 2, the quotient is 52 and the remainder is 1.
- When 52 is divided by 2, the quotient is 26 and the remainder is 0.
- When 26 is divided by 2, the quotient is 13 and the remainder is 0.
- When 13 is divided by 2, the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 1.
- When 6 is divided by 2, the quotient is 3 and the remainder is 0.
- When 3 is divided by 2, the quotient is 1 and the remainder is 1.
- When 1 is divided by 2, the quotient is 0 and the remainder is 1.
- Write the remainders from bottom to top. (210) 10 = (11010010) 2
In conclusion, computers have both positive and negative effects on the lives of today's youth. Computers can offer many benefits such as improving education, enhancing entertainment, and increasing connectivity. However, excessive use and the risk of addiction can lead to negative consequences. Hence, it is vital to strike a balance between the use of computers and other activities that promote physical, social, and mental well-being for youth.
III, Conclusion
Network operation quality has been analyzed for Internet Protocol (IP), Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), and Ethernet technologies. Network operation quality is ensured by implementing network resource and fault management. Resource management allows limits to be fixed regarding packet loss, delay, and jitter. Fault management determines the network’s availability level. The amount of protocols described in this book might suggest that the topic has been comprehensively addressed. A certain lag can be observed, however, between the publication of standards and actual deployment in public or private networks. Fault management constitutes the most straightforward part. It is currently obtained in an implicit manner, through other mechanisms that are necessary to the proper running of a network:
- for IP and MPLS networks: routing protocols allow routing tables to be automatically populated and simultaneously carry out network reconfiguration;
- for Ethernet network: STP and RSTP enable the construction of a logical spanning tree to limit the circulation of frames, and also fulfill the function of securing the network. Attention is currently focused on the network reconfiguration time. The aforementioned solutions do not satisfy public operators, who recall the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network’s performance (50 ms reconfiguration time). Such a value may be considered too low, as it generates significant traffic in the network. A value ranging from 200 to ...
