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eesa09 final review(updated)questions
with correct answers
wind - correct answer ✔✔- complex atmospheric phenomena
- caused by uneven heating (sun & earth rotation)
- tropics receive more heat than pole
- generated by difference pressure
- winds blow from High P to Low P wind scale - correct answer ✔✔- small scale Tem & P changes local wind
- large scale winds -> predominance of horizontal motions wind classification - correct answer ✔✔- spatial scale
- speed and direction
- forces (cause them) -> religion
- effect aspect of wind - correct answer ✔✔- velocity (wind speed)
- density
- energy content (wind energy)
- 方向 = 哪来 wind types - correct answer ✔✔- gusts
- squalls
- long duration
- long scale circulation wind -> solar and planetary
solar wind - correct answer ✔✔movement of gasses / charged particles from sun to outer space planetary wind - correct answer ✔✔outgassing of light chem elements from the atmosphere to space atmosphere - correct answer ✔✔- protect life (radiation and UV)
- maintain Tem
- reduce Tem (between day & night)
- 越外越没有 air -> Vacuum composition of atmosphere - correct answer ✔✔- mixture of gasses
- 78% NItrogen
- 21% oxygen
- 0.04% carbon dioxide layers - correct answer ✔✔- troposphere
- stratosphere
- mesosphere
- thermosphere GHGs - correct answer ✔✔- H2O - CO2 - CH4 - O4 -N2O -CFCs - HCFCs - HFCs
- 66% -> heating imbalance -> CO cloud classification - correct answer ✔✔- alto: middle cloud
- cirro: high cloud
- cumulo: puffy cloud
- nimbo: rain cloud
- strato: layer cloud atmospheric P - correct answer ✔✔- forecast weather
- convergence
- weather fronts size and life span - correct answer ✔✔- global: 2k5 ~ 2w5 (weeks and longer)
- synoptic: 1k ~ 5k (days)
- mesoscale: 2 ~ 2k (min to hour)
- micro-scale: mm ~ km (sec to min)
- molecular: microseconds to milliseconds synoptic - correct answer ✔✔events:
- cyclones: hurricanes, midlatitude cyclones
- anticyclones
- supercell thunderstorm breeze - correct answer ✔✔- SB: sea to land (day)
- LB: land to sea (night) monsoon - correct answer ✔✔- seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region
- cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of tropics monsoon in Asia - correct answer ✔✔- change in wind direction
- May ~ Sep: polar-ward
- Nov ~ Mar: equator-ward pattern (monsoon) - correct answer ✔✔a dramatic increase ( summer precipitation) form of thunderstorm
monsoon development mechanism - correct answer ✔✔In summer, lower tropospheric winds flow toward heated continents, far away from the colder oceanic region. In the upper troposphere the flow is reversed, flow from summer to winter thunderstorm cause - correct answer ✔✔- heavy precipitation
- strong wind gusts
- thunder and lightning thunderstorm - correct answer ✔✔- anvil
- mushroom top (spread downwind) ingredient - correct answer ✔✔- moisture -> ocean, water Tem
- atmospheric instability -> air rise or fall -> unstable air parcel rise -> (cooling) water vapour -> cumulonimbus cloud (thunderstorm)
- lifting mechanism (?) convection - correct answer ✔✔- upward move of warm air
- a stable atmosphere -> vertical move difficult and dampens out small vertical disturbances 2 drafts - correct answer ✔✔- updraft: small scale current of rising air
- downdraft: small scale column of air (sink toward the ground) thunderstorm cell - correct answer ✔✔- lasts 30 min
- evolution stages: 1) cumulus 2) mature 3) dissipating 4) residue a cumulus cloud - correct answer ✔✔- updrafts, no downdrafts
- no rain
- no anvil
- not visible
ordinary cell - correct answer ✔✔- updraft and downdraft form convective cell
- gust front moves past the updraft -> week
- rain fall -> updraft -> cut off the rising humid air multi - cell thunderstorms - correct answer ✔✔- group of cell
- form in cluster with numerous cells in various stages training thunderstorm - correct answer ✔✔- individual cell 向下 move
- addition cells 在上风 (upwind side) ?
- produce rainfall ( small area) -> flash flooding -> low lying area back -building thunderstorm - correct answer ✔✔- new cell growth 生长旺盛 further upstream
- thunderstorm cluster is stationary or moving
- back - b thunderstorms produce 大 rainfall amounts multi-cell line - correct answer ✔✔- thunderstorm form in lines ( hundreds of miles)
- squall line -> many hours and produce damaging wind / hail individual updraft + downdraft - correct answer ✔✔hail and strong winds tornadoes 在 squall lines 前形成 - correct answer ✔✔produce "straight-line" wind damage 雷暴不沉气 流到达地面时水平扩散结果 supercell thunderstorm - correct answer ✔✔- single-cell thunderstorm (long hours)
- produce winds and flash flooding
- updraft (attain high speed)
- generating violent tornadoes
- downdraft produce: 1) strong down-bust 2) outflow
gust - correct answer ✔✔A sudden, brief increase in the speed of the wind. down-bust - correct answer ✔✔强风从雷雨中吹来，一落地就迅速扩散 Polar lows "arctic hurricanes" - correct answer ✔✔- 中尺度，短暂大气低压系统
- 在北半球和南半球主要板块地前线向外海洋地区
- last for a few days
- 100~500km (diameter)
- in mature stage 风力接近或者超过 gale wind 强度
- 与强降雪有关 damage of polar lows - correct answer ✔✔Shipping and oil platforms What cause a polar lows - correct answer ✔✔- Polar lows are predominately a cold season phenomenon
- It develops near sea ice edge and the coasts of snow-covered continents
- Cold air move over the relatively warm (form on the relate warm ocean)
- cP or cA move over relatively warm open sea water -> heat source of the open sea fuels the storm
- It forms the warm core system -> derive their energy from l.stent heat of condensation Duration of polar lows - correct answer ✔✔- quickly reach maximum intensity within 12 to 24 hours
- most last less than 12 hours
- dissipate quickly Where does polar lows form? - correct answer ✔✔Polar regions over open sea
- N. Hemisphere Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Canadian sea
How does firestorm create? - correct answer ✔✔- A wildfire or more in the same area, can cause a firestorm
- occur when hear from a wildfire creates its own wind system
- firestorm wind system can create tremendous turbulence and cause strong surface inflow winds -> change storm direction
- firestorm 可以产生巨大的 turbulence 导致强大表面流 -> 无规律改变风暴的方向 Turbulance - correct answer ✔✔Chaotic changes in P and flow velocity Firestorm mechanism - correct answer ✔✔Initial trigger:
- lightning / forest fire
- bomb
- chemical explosion
- nuclear explosion
- updraft forms 表面空气加热形成上升气流
- 地标汇聚吸引更多 oxygen (用于燃烧) 燃烧更多残渣
- 风可以达到 gale or hurricane Firestorm clouds - Pyrocumulus - correct answer ✔✔- ash -> cloud condensation nuclei for cloud droplets -PC form above the firestorm 因为 condensation of moisture in the updraft Pyrocumulus / cumulonimbus - correct answer ✔✔- Convective clouds <- heat source on the surface 地 标热源引发
- 在森林火灾，火山或者类似大型热源导致 formation of cumulus the clouds
- the mushroom cloud which is characteristic of a nuclear explosion is also a form of a pyrocumulus cloud Distribution of pyrocumulus / cumulonimbus - correct answer ✔✔- not geographically limited as other storms
- trigger and fuel requirement
- occur in dryer areas North Atlantic Oscillation - correct answer ✔✔A weather phenomenon 在北大西洋上空冰岛低气压和 亚速尔群岛高气压之间的海平面气压差波动 通过 2 个地方的高气压波动 control 西风强度和方向以及整个北大西洋风暴轨道位置 saharan dust - correct answer ✔✔- related to NAO
- an area of dry air, filled with desert dust that forms over the Sahara during late spring, summer and early autumn, also form in early spring Icelandic low - correct answer ✔✔- 半永久性低气压中心，在 iceland 和 southern Greenland 之间，在 北半球冬季到巴伦支海 NAO 的两个地方 - correct answer ✔✔- Icelandic lows
- 它是北半球大气环流的主要作用中心，与 cyclone activity 有关，形成 north atlantic oscillation
- 亚热带半永久高气压中心，form NAO，影响北淝河南欧大地区天气和气候模式
- Sahara desert 的干旱和 mediterranean basin 的夏季干旱由 system 中的空气大规模沉降 (subsidence)和下沉运动(sinking motion)
- high p -> anticyclonic behavior 空气顺时针循环-> 有利于 tropical cyclogenesis NAO Index - correct answer ✔✔changes in strength of 2 recurring P patterns in atmosphere over the North Atlantic (low -> Iceland, high -> Azores island) positive NAO index - correct answer ✔✔strong, create big P difference
- intensified Iceland low and Azores high
- support mild, stormy and wet winter conditions in N. Europe and E.US
- cold and dry for N.Canada, Greenland and S.Europe
- anemograph
- doppler radar
- radio sonde
- satellites wind vane - correct answer ✔✔- an old, reliable WI for determine wind direction
- long arrow with tail that can move freely about vertical post
- points wind and gives the wind direction
- be made by most of material wind shock - correct answer ✔✔- a form of wind vane
- a cone-shaped bag opened at both ends
- extends as the wind blows through it
- placed at airports, near the runways
- enables pilots at landing to tell the surface wind direction aerovane (skyvane) - correct answer ✔✔- indicate both wind speed and direction
- a bladed propeller (rotates at a rate that is proportional to the wind speed)
- streamlined shape and a vertical fin keep the blades facing into the wind anemometer - correct answer ✔✔- measure wind speed
- 3 or more hemispherical cups (cup anemometer) mounted on vertical shaft
- difference in wind p from one side of a cup to the other causes the cup to spin about the shaft cup anemometer - correct answer ✔✔- rate -> speed of wind
- spinning of the cups 通过一个齿轮系统转化为风速，并可以从表盘上读取或者传输到记录器上 anemograph - correct answer ✔✔- measures and records the speed duration and direction of wind
doppler radar - correct answer ✔✔- 发射微博辐射脉冲被目标返回 -> 用于获得距离地面 16km 以内的风速和风向的垂直剖面图 -> 雷达获取垂直剖面图被称为测风仪，雷达则是风廓线仪 radio sonde - correct answer ✔✔- measure the vertical profile of Tem, P and humidity
- a balloon filled with hydrogen or helium carries a radio sonde
- provides data critical for research or weather for forecasting
- the observation of winds using a radio sonde balloon is called a radio sonde observation
- 位于地面上的设备，地面上设备跟踪气球，测量垂直和水平角度以及距离地面高度
- computer determines and prints the vertical profile of wind from the surface up to the stratosphere near 30km satellites - correct answer ✔✔- upper air observations are lacking in remote regions
- wind speed and direction are obtained fro weather satellites
- direction of cloud movement indicates wind direction
- horizontal distance the cloud moves during a given time period indicates wind speed wind measure - correct answer ✔✔- wind chill
- epiclimate Wind chill - correct answer ✔✔- a measure of cooling combining Tem and wind speed
- body Tem lowering -> passing flow of lower Tem air
- higher wind speeds -> greater heat loss -Tem does not decrease because of thr wind
- wind increases the heat loss
- 209 -251 kph: catastrophic: roofs and walls collapse. Most trees and power lines destroyed. Flooding. Areas up to 10 km from coast evacuated.
- 252 or higher: utterly catastrophic: buildings destroyed, roofs torn off. Floods. Areas up to 16 km from coast evacuated. Types of pollutant source - correct answer ✔✔- mobile sources: cars, buses, planes, trucks and train
- stationary source: power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities and factories
- area sources: agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning fire places
- natural source: wind-blown dust, wildfires and volcanoes Primary air pollutants - correct answer ✔✔Enter air directly from smokestacks and tail pipes -> smokestack: a chimney for discharging smoke from a locomotive, ship, factory -> tail pipe: the rear section of the exhaust system of a motor vehicle Secondary air pollutants - correct answer ✔✔Form only when a chem reaction occur between a primary pollutant and other component of air water vapor or another pollutants PM - correct answer ✔✔- a group of solid particles and liquid droplets that are small enough to remain suspended in air (aerosols)
- contains soot, dusty, smoke, pollen and more dangerous substances
- rain and snow are effective in removing PM from the air Haze - correct answer ✔✔Atmospheric phenomena where dust, smoke and dry particle can obscure the clarity of the sky without create condensation -> sources for haze particles include farming, traffic, industry and wildfires Wet haze - correct answer ✔✔- 悬浮颗粒有吸湿性 -> water vapor 容易 condenses onto them
- 当水膜凝结在颗粒上，直径增加到 0.1～1.0 微米时候 变成 wet haze
- wet haze 散射射入 sunlight，形成乳白色的天空
- 燃烧产生 PM why Indonesia haze causes sky to turn blood red? - correct answer ✔✔
Smog - correct answer ✔✔- air pollution reduces visibility - a mix of smoke and fog
- smoke came from burning coal
- photochemical haze caused by the action of solar ultra violent radiation on atmosphere polluted with primary pollutants Classical and photochemical smog - correct answer ✔✔- the word refers to the type of smog that forms in large cities London / LA
- smog is composed of sulphureous smoke and foggy air (gray-air smog) -> London-type smog or classic smog (industrial smog)
- photochemical or LA smog: forms when chem reaction take place in the presence of sunlight (photochemical reaction)
- photochemical smog is air sutured with ozone, volatile organic components, and aerosols (brown air smog)
- formed when nitrogen oxides and voltaic organic components react to sunlight creating a brown haze above cities
- occur more often in summer due to the amount of available sunlight -> tropospheric zone -> pyroxylin acetate nitrate -> other oxidation pollutants
how does lightning impact air pollution? - correct answer ✔✔闪电内气体快速加热和冷却产生 nitric oxide -> nitric oxide combine with oxygen = nitrogen dioxide 特别是在下风向移动的时候 -> 闪电产生的Ｎ O2 对地面的 ozone 影响小，闪电对大气有很大的净化作用 -> 电风暴产生大量 oxidating radicals => 分解 carbon monoxide and methane Role of atmospheric stability and inversion - correct answer ✔✔- the role of atmospheric stability
- air Tem inversion
- a radiation Tem inversion
- subsidence Tem inversion Role of atmospheric stability and inversion —— the role of atmospheric stability - correct answer ✔✔Atmospheric stability -> extent to which air will rise
- unstable atmosphere favors vertical air currents
- stable atmosphere strongly resists upward vertical motions Smoke emitted into stable atmosphere tends to spread 水平 atmosphere stability - correct answer ✔✔- air Tem changes with height
- air Tem 快速 decrease -> atmosphere tends to unstable
- air Tem 慢 decrease or 随着高度增加而增加 => atmosphere stable Role of atmospheric stability and inversion —— air Tem inversion - correct answer ✔✔- extremely stabler atmosphere where warm air lies above cool air 暖在冷上
- 任何上升到 inversion 的 air parcel will be cooler and heavier (denser) than the warmer surrounding air
- inversion 作用像个盖子，盖住垂直空气运动 Role of atmospheric stability and inversion —— a radiation Tem inversion - correct answer ✔✔One type of stabler atmosphere 在夜间和清晨
- 天晴风少，air near ground 比高的地方冷 => radiation or surface inversion 随着太阳升起&Tem(surface)上升, radiation inversion 会减弱，在中午前消失
- 下午, atmosphere unstable, 有风-> 污染物 垂直扩散
- 大气 从早稳 => 晚不稳定 对某些地区污染物水平有影响
- 早上浓度(carbon monoxide) 比下午高
- smoke direction change Role of atmospheric stability and inversion —— subsidence Tem inversion - correct answer ✔✔- persist for several days or long (radiation inversion last a few hours)
- associated with major or air pollution
- form: air above a deep anticyclone slowly sink and warms
- sink air warm -> compressed by the surrounding air Stable air of inversion 抑制垂直 mix(盖子盖住污染) 防止进入 inversion 在相对不稳定的空气下，污染物能垂直混合到 inversion 的底部
- 如果 inversion increase, mixing depth increase，污染物分散到更大的 air 中
- 如果 inversion decrease，mixing depth decrease，污染物集中 role of topography in trapping pollutants - correct answer ✔✔- role of topography + example
- air stagnation
- severe air pollution potential role of topography in trapping pollutants —— role of topography - correct answer ✔✔- landscape or topography is the important role in trapping of the pollutants
- 被高山和 hill 包围的 valley，容易污染
- 夜间，cold air 从山上流下，在 lowlying basins and valleys 沉淀
- cold air 加强 surface inversion 并将污染物从山坡带到山下
