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BA 300 REVISED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Utilitarianism - ANSWERS-Decision Rule: maximize the benefits to society and minimize harm Advantages: replaces partially with science Disadvantages: the means do not matter WHAT TO LOOK FOR: -STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS -ATTEMPT TO GET THE BEST RULE -MAXIMIZE BENEFITS FOR SOCIETY -GIRL IN TOWER Theory of Justice: John Rawls - ANSWERS-Decision Rule: favor the least advantaged. Advantages: unbiased approach to social justice Disadvantages: denies free will and concept of meritocracy WHAT TO LOOK FOR: -DECISION MAKDE TO FAVOR THE LEAST ADVANTAGED -SOCIAL CONTRACT
-VEIL OF UNAWARENESS
Theory of Rights - ANSWERS-Decision Rule:A decision is Ethical if it is free of fraud and force. Do what you want as long as you're not hurting others Advantages: Virtually complete freedom of action with minimal governmental intrusion Disadvantages: Almost complete disregard of interests of others with a stake in behavior WHAT TO LOOK FOR: -NO LIES -EMPHASIS ON RIGHTS OF DECISION MAKER -EX: BANK LOANS Ethics of Care- Gilligan - ANSWERS-Decision Rule: Focus on relationships, responsibilities and emotions Advantages: protects the weak and dependent Disadvantages: neglects the concept of justice. WHAT TO LOOK FOR: -PRESERVATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
WHAT TO LOOK FOR:
-THE DISCLOSURE RULE
-OPINION OF ROLE MODEL OR GREATEST CRITIC
Objectivism - ANSWERS-Decision Rule: be rational and all you can be. Advantages: reinforces personal responsibility Disadvantages: individualistic and judgmental, does not protect the weak WHAT TO LOOK FOR: -DECISION MAKER'S INTEREST COMES FIRST -EMPHASIS ON RATIONAL DECISIONS EX: MOTIVE COMMUNICATIONS -anything about happiness Consequentialist - ANSWERS-consider consequences Deontological - ANSWERS-focuses on duties, obligations, principles Jack and suzy welch believe if an employee is fired because of ethical violations, it should be: - ANSWERS-made widely known to scare other employees Nozick's theory of rights: Night watchman - ANSWERS- Government
What are the three triggers for moral awareness? - ANSWERS-1. moral language is used
- peers think there is a moral issue
- potential for significant harm exists what kinds of things tend to reduce moral awareness? - ANSWERS--group consensus Moral decision making (first and last steps) - ANSWERS--gather the facts -check your gut Performance management systems: - ANSWERS-formal process of articulating employee goals, identifying performance metrics, providing compensation structure Reinforcement theory - ANSWERS-People are likely to behave in ways rewarded Deindividuation - ANSWERS-psychological process where one is focusing attention on the role and expectations that accompany it. reduces the awareness of self -Zimbardo Prison experiment Zimbardo Prison experiment - ANSWERS-Normal people behaved cruelly when placed in position of power The Milgram Experiments - ANSWERS-the subject had to shock someone because the professor told them to. -wanted to see if someone would stop even when told to do something Diffusion of responsibility - ANSWERS--individual disconnect from consequences of actions -not personally responsible
-rewards and punishments Kohlberg's three levels:lvl 2 - ANSWERS-conventional -most adults at this level -looking outside of self guidance -do it for the greater good -shared norms Kohlberg's three levels: lvl 3 - ANSWERS-post-conventional -principled person makes decisions alone and consistent with principles of rights and justice -rise above the system Fact gathering - ANSWERS-overconfidence of your knowledge about facts Looking at consequences - ANSWERS--you reduce # of consequences -consequences of self greater than others -consequences as risk Illusion of optimism: - ANSWERS-things are going better than they are Illusion of control: - ANSWERS-we are in charge of what happens Escalation of commitment - ANSWERS-investing in something and remaining committed because we are so far in -not on isolated choice but series -how to overcome: recognize that it exists and try to adjust for it -invite input
-allow for graceful exits -group decision making Illusion of superiority - ANSWERS-people tend to think of themselves as more ethical, fair and honest than others Ethics of your profession - ANSWERS-virtue of ethics approach -professionals have the responsibility to act in the public interest by providing accurate information Consequences as risk - ANSWERS--illusion of optimism: underestimate risk reduced number of consequences - ANSWERS-simplify their decisions and make them more manageable by reducing the number consequences they consider Consequences for the self vs. consequences for others - ANSWERS-people make decisions in a self-interested manner Consequences over time - ANSWERS-escalation of commitment Locus of control - ANSWERS-how much control someone thinks they have over thing -ones locus of control can shift Ego Strength - ANSWERS-How confident some one is of themselves -High: more likey to act, not easily influenced Low: less likely to act, not confident Machiavellianism - ANSWERS-A personality trait used to describe individuals who act in self-interested manner and will step on others to get where they want to be -high on mach: more likely unethical
Influence: - ANSWERS-relationship conflicts Incentive - ANSWERS-a payment or gift as an inducement but not a conflict of interest misuse of a company's personal information - ANSWERS-1. selling employers secrets to the highest bidder
- moonlighting for an employer
- having a friend/family work for the competitor Bribe - ANSWERS-something of value as an inducement Facilitating Payment under the FCPA - ANSWERS-a payment to a foreign official, political party or party official for "routine governmental action," such as processing papers , issuing permits, and other actions of an official, in order to expedite performance of duties of non-discretionary nature. -legal Whistleblowing - ANSWERS-1. approach your immediate manager first
- leave the company Dangers of whistleblowing - ANSWERS--forced to leave -credibility ruined -family, health and/ or life in jeoprady -incarceration -rewards Labor department - ANSWERS-can force a company to rehire a whistleblower Discipline - ANSWERS--should be done constructive
-private -should be appropriately harsh Termination for cause - ANSWERS--instant firing because of something an employee has done poor performance - ANSWERS-based on written documentation such as appraisals downsizing - ANSWERS-slowdowns in work layoffs - ANSWERS-: can result from mergers, acquisitions, relocations, or result of economic business strategy. Survivor syndrome - ANSWERS-decreased morale, lower productivity, distrust and cautiousness in survivors of layoff Expansive View - ANSWERS-businesses must help social problems. have moral obligation to -social responsibility can be profitable Limited View - ANSWERS--corporations do not owe anything -legally bound to make as much profit as possible for stockholders Consent Order - ANSWERS-advertiser agrees to stop Cease and Desist Order - ANSWERS-an order to stop Affirmative Disclosure - ANSWERS-additional information Corrective advertising - ANSWERS-correct false impression Social Contract - ANSWERS--concept that members of society agree among themselves on certain standards Cultural Relativism - ANSWERS-change where ever you are "in rome do as the romans do"
Multiplier (under the FSGO) - ANSWERS--The culpability score is multiplied with the monetary fine Culpability Score (what does this word mean?) - ANSWERS-- compliance with due diligence - your efforts to prevent the offense (compliance program) -the degree of cooperation during investigation (avoid obstruction of justice) -It doesn't reflect the seriousness of the crime itself; that is reflected in the base penalty Obstruction of justice - ANSWERS-degree of cooperation during an investigation Puffery in advertising - ANSWERS--not illegal -exaggerated claims stakeholder - ANSWERS-will be affected in SOME Way or another, not stock ie: 3rd parties shareholder - ANSWERS-have stock in company
