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- EXPERIMENT # 1 VERIFICATION OF O HM’ S LAW ................................................................... Table of Contents
- EXPERIMENT # 2 SERIES RESISTIVE CIRCUITS .......................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 3 PARALLEL R ESISTIVE C IRCUITS ................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 4 SERIES / PARALLEL R ESISTIVE CIRCUITS ..................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 5 POWER I N DC C IRCUITS .............................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 6 K IRCHOFF ’ S CURRENT LAW .......................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 7 K IRCHOFF ’ S VOLTAGE LAW .......................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 8 K IRCHOFF ’ S LOOP EQUATIONS ..................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 9 K IRCHOFF ’ S SOLUTION WITH TWO SOURCES ...........................................
- EXPERIMENT # 10 VERIFICATION OF SUPER POSITION T HEOREM ........................................
- EXPERIMENT # 11 VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN ’ S THEOREM ...............................................
- EXPERIMENT # 12 THEVENIZING A BRIDGE C IRCUITS ...........................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 13 THEVENIN / NORTON C ONVERSION ..........................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 14 AC WAVE FORM G ENERATION ................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 15 RC TIME CONSTANT ..................................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 16 CAPACITORS IN SERIES & PARALLEL ......................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 17 CAPACITIVE R EACTANCE & SERIES RC CIRCUITS .................................
- EXPERIMENT # 18 PARALLE RC CIRCUITS ............................................................................
- EXPERIMENT # 19 I NDUCTIVE REACTANCE AND SERIES LR CIRCUIT ..................................
EXP No: 1 VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
In any dc electric circuit, the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. In its simplest form, Ohm's law is expressed mathematically as E = IR (voltage equals current times resistance).
OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this experiment, you will be able to demonstrate the relationship of resistance, current, and voltage by using Ohm's law.
DISCUSSION
- Resistance is a property of an electrical circuit that opposes the flow of current in that circuit.
- Voltage is directly proportional to current when resistance is held constant.
- Ohm’s law can be applied to calculate the voltage across any resistor when the current through the resistor and the resistance is known.
- Ohm’s law states that current is directly related to voltage but inversely related to resistance.
Equipment: Power Supply, Digital Multimeter and Bread Board
Components: Resistors (2 Nos.)
PROCEDURE
Part (A): V & I across Resistor
- Based on the Color code find the value of R1.
- Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
Vs R
- Set your multimeter to read voltage. Adjust the positive variable supply for 1V to 10 Vdc by the increment of 2V.
- Set your multimeter to measure current. Connect meter between Vs and top of the R1. Record the value of Current at each Voltage level form 1 to 10 V. Enter your circuit current (I) in milliampare (0.001 A = 1mA).
V (v) 2V 4V 6V 8V 10V I (mA)
EXP No: 2 SERIES RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this experiment, you will be able to determine the values of resistance, current, and voltage in a series resistive circuit by using Ohm's law.
DISCUSSION
- A series circuit is one in which circuit components, such as resistors, are connected end-to-end to form a complete path from the voltage source, through the resistors, and back to the voltage source.
- We call this a series circuit because the components are connected one after another, and there is only one path for current as it runs through all the parts of the circuit.
- Resistance in series circuits is cumulative. The total resistance equals the sum of the circuit resistances. RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
- In a series circuit, current is the same through each part of the circuit. I T = V A/RT
- In a series circuit, the applied voltage equals the sum of each voltage drop. V A = VR1 + VR2 + VR
Equipment: Power Supply, Digital Multimeter and Bread Board
Components: Resistors (3 Nos.)
PROCEDURE
- Based on the color code what are the values of R 1 & R 2?
- Calculate RT and verify your result using DMM.
- Connect the circuit as shown in figure. R
R Vs
- Set your multimeter to measure current. Connect meter between Vs +ve end and R1. Adjust positive supply so that current reading is approximately 3. mA.
- Based on your circuit current of 3.68 mA and resistance. Calculate the applied voltage (V = IR).
- Calculate the voltage drop of R 1 of your circuit (V = IR1 ).
- Same way calculate the voltage drop of R 1 of your circuit (V = IR2 ).
- Measure the voltage drop of R 1 and R 2 with your multimeter and compare with the calculated values.
- Based on your observation write the statement about the circuit voltage.
- Repeat step 2 to 7 for the circuit in figure below.
R
Vs R 12 V
R
CONCLUSION
¾ A series circuit is made up of components connected end to end, resulting in only one path for current flow. ¾ The total resistance of a series circuit equals to the sum of individual resistance in the series string. ¾ The total resistance of the circuit is increased when the value of any or all resistors in the string is increased. ¾ Circuit current is determined by the voltage source and the total circuit resistance. ¾ When the total resistance decreases, circuit current increases.
EWB INSTRUCTION
- Construct the circuit using Multisim 10.0 EWB (Electronics Work Bench).
- From EWB Simulation, Measure Voltage across Resistors using DMM & Oscilloscope.
- Set the applied voltage to +15V.
- Measure the total current of your circuit.
- Measure voltage drop across R 1 to determine the circuit current (Ohm’s Law).
- Calculate the current through R 1 , R 2 and R 3.
- Based on your data, what is the relationship between total current and branch current of your parallel circuit?
CONCLUSION
¾ Product over Sum method is used to determine the equivalent resistance of a two branch parallel circuit. ¾ The reciprocal method is used to determine the equivalent resistance of parallel circuit a two branch parallel circuit. ¾ The equivalent resistance of a parallel circuit is always less than the lowest resistor value of any branch. ¾ The voltage across each branch of a parallel circuit is the same as the source voltage. ¾ In a parallel circuit, total current equals the sum of the branch current.
EWB INSTRUCTION
- Construct the circuit using Multisim 10.0 EWB (Electronics Work Bench).
- From EWB Simulation, Measure Current through each Resistors using DMM and verify your practical results.
EXP No: 4 SERIES / PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this experiment, you will be able to find values for resistance, voltage, and current in a series/parallel resistive circuit.
DISCUSSIONS
- The rules for evaluating resistance, voltage, and current in a series/parallel circuit are a combination of the rules you used to evaluate series and parallel circuits.
- A series/parallel circuit is shown. R 1 is the series element of the circuit; R 2 and R 3 are the parallel elements. RT is the combined resistance of R 1 , R 2 & R 3.
- Resistance: To reduce resistance in a series/parallel circuit to a single equivalent resistance, combine the resistances of the series and parallel branches.
- Voltage: In a series/parallel circuit, voltage across each circuit branch is distributed in proportion to the resistive value of each branch.
- Current: Total current in a series/parallel resistive circuit equals the amount of current flowing through any component in the series branch.
Equipment: Power Supply, Digital Multimeter and Bread Board
Components: Resistors (4 Nos.)
PROCEDURE
- Based on the color code, what are the Values of R 1 , R 2 and R 3?
R
Vs
R
R
R
R
R
RT
Electric power is the rate of doing work per unit time. The unit of power measurement is the watt (W).
OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this experiment, you will be able to determine power in series, parallel, and series/parallel resistive circuits.
DISCUSSION
- Total power dissipated in a series circuit is the sum of the power dissipated by each resistor in the circuit.
- The total power dissipated in a parallel circuit is the sum of the power dissipated by each leg of the parallel branch.
Equipment: Power Supply, Digital Multimeter and Bread Board
Components: Resistors (3 Nos.)
PROCEDURE
- Connect the Power circuit as shown. Apply 15Vdc.
R Vs
R
- Calculate total circuit current.
- Using the formula P = E XI, calculate the total power dissipation.
- Measure voltage drop of R1 and calculate power dissipation of R1.
- Same way measure the power dissipation of R2.
- Now Connect the Power circuit as shown and apply 15Vdc.
EXP No: 5 POWER IN DC CIRCUITS
R
Vs
R
R
- Use the parallel branch voltage drop (V RE ) to calculate the power dissipation in R2.
- Use the parallel branch voltage drop (V RE ) to calculate the power dissipation in R3.
- Based on your circuit data, write the conclusion for power in parallel circuit.
CONCLUSION
¾ Power in resistor is dissipated in the form of heat. ¾ In a series circuit, the total power supplied by the source equals the sum of the power dissipated in each circuit resistance. ¾ In a series circuit, the total power supplied by the source equals the sum of the power dissipated in each circuit resistance. ¾ Total power dissipated in a parallel circuit equals the sum of the power dissipated in each branch of the circuit. ¾ The equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit dissipates the same power as the branch of the circuit.
EWB INSTRUCTION
- Construct the circuit using Multisim 10.0 EWB (Electronics Work Bench).
- From EWB Simulation, Measure power of each Resistors using Wattmeter and verify your practical results.
EXP No: 7 KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
The algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed loop must equal zero. The sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop must equal the source voltage.
OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this experiment, you will be able to analyze dc circuits by using Kirchhoff's Voltage law.
DISCUSSION
- Individual voltage drops can be summed to determine the voltage source of a series circuit.
- Kirchhoff’s voltage law can be used on a series circuit to determine an unknown voltage when all other voltages are known.
- Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Ohm’s law can be used to analyze a series circuit.
Equipment: Power Supply, Digital Multimeter and Bread Board
Components: Resistors (3 Nos: 220 Ω, 510 Ω and 750 Ω)
PROCEDURE
- Connect the circuit shown and apply +15 V at Vs.
- Calculate I T. Where (IT=Vs / RT).
- Use the Ohm’s Law to calculate the voltage drop of R1, R2, R3.
- Calculate the voltage drop of R 2 using the loop equation for this circuit.
5. Measure the voltage drop VR1, VR2 & VR.
CONCLUSION
¾ The sum of voltage drop in a series circuit equals the circuit source voltage. ¾ You can determine any one voltage when you know the remaining circuit voltage. ¾ You may apply any combination of Ohm’s law and KVL for the solution of series circuit.
EXP No: 8 KIRCHOFF’S LOOP EQUATIONS
OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this experiment, you will be able to use loop equations by
applying Kirchhoff's laws to a series/parallel circuit
DISCUSSION
- To write a loop equation, begin at a starting point, go around the loop and record
the voltages. Designate the polarity of the voltages based on which terminal is encountered first.
- Loop equations satisfy Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
- There can be more than one loop in a circuit.
Equipment: Power Supply, Digital Multimeter and Bread Board
Components: Resistors (6 Nos: 220 Ω, 270 Ω, 470 Ω, 680 Ω, 820 Ω, 1.5k)
PROCEDURE
Part (A) Loop Equations
- Connect the circuit shown in figure below and apply +15 V at Vs.
- The first loop is Vs, R 3 , R 2 , R 1 and the second loop is R 6 , R 5 , R 4 , R 2.
- The third loop is R 3 , R 6 , R 5 , R 4 , R 1 , and Vs.
- Using multimeter between Vs and R 1 measure the total circuit current.
- Use the Ohm’s law (V = IR) to calculate the voltage drop of R 1.
- Use the Ohm’s law (V = IR) to calculate the voltage drop of R 3.
- Write the loop equation for first loop.
- Calculate the value of VR2 from the loop equation using the known elements in loop.
- Now measure the V R2 with multimeter and verify your result.
OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this experiment, you will be able to find voltage and current in circuits with two voltage sources by using Kirchhoff's laws.
DISCUSSION
- Circuits containing two voltage sources can be analyzed using Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
- Loop equations are written by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to each circuit loop.
Equipment: Dual Power Supply, Digital Multimeter and Bread Board
Components: Resistors (3 Nos: 750 Ω, 3.6 kΩ, 7.5 kΩ,)
PROCEDURE
- Connect the circuit shown. Adjust the first variable source (VS1 ) to 10 Vdc and now adjust the second variable source (VS2 ) to 10 Vdc.
- Loop 1 contain the following circuit elements VS1 , R 1 and R 3
- Loop 2 contain the following circuit elements VS2 , R 2 and R 3
- Loop 3 contains the following circuit elements VS1, R 1 , R 2 and VS2.
- With respect to common point measure the voltage drop of R 1 , R 2 , & R 3.
6. Using above result verify that VS1 - VR3 –V R1 = 0
- Using the values you measured and the signs shown in the circuit, calculate the current through R 3 (I R3 ).
- Using the values you measured V R1 calculate I R.
- Now calculate I R1 using nodal equation.
- Verify that I 1 + I 2 = I 3.
- Using Ohm’s law calculate V R2 and than verify using DMM.
EXP No: 9
KIRCHOFF’S SOLUTION USING 2
SOURCES
CONCLUSION
¾ The algebraic sum of the voltage source(s) and voltage drop in any loop must equals zero. ¾ You must apply the polarities of each voltage drop with respect to Kirchhoff’s law. ¾ You should apply Kirchhoff’s current law to determine a circuit solution. ¾ The current into a circuit node equals the current out of the same circuit node. ¾ After you know the voltage of the element that is common to both loops, apply Ohm’s law to determine the each circuit current. ¾ An incorrect assumed current direction is indicated by a negative sign.
EWB INSTRUCTION
- Construct the circuit using Multisim 10.0 EWB (Electronics Work Bench).
- From EWB Simulation, Measure required voltage and Current by DMM.
- Calculate the voltage across R 3 (VRA ) that is induced by VS2. Use R A as R 1 װ R 3
- Short circuit the VS1 (after removing the supply terminals) and measure the voltage across R 3 (Called VRA ) that is induced due to VS2.
- Calculate the voltage across R 3 (VRB ) that is induced by VS1. Use R B as R 2 װ R 3
- Now Short circuit the VS2 (after removing the supply terminals) and measure the voltage across R 3 (Called VRB ) that is induced due to VS1.
- Based on R 3 voltage drop of VRA and VRB , what is the actual voltage drop across R 3?
- Place both batteries in the circuit and measure the Voltage drop across R 3.
CONCLUSION
¾ You can use the superposition theorem to determine a common element voltage drop. ¾ Results generated by the superposition method must follow Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws. ¾ Voltage across a common circuit elements are combined algebraically to yield the actual voltage drop.
EWB INSTRUCTION
Verify your practical result using EWB Simulation.
EXP No: 11 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Thevenin's theorem - a network can be represented by an equivalent VTH and a series RTH circuit with respect to a selected pair of output terminals
OBJECTIVE
At the completion of this experiment, you will be able to simplify one- and two-source circuits by using Thevenin's theorem.
DISCUSSION
- The Circuit shown in the procedure that consists of R 1 , R 2 and VS and R 3 = RL is the network load.
- With RL removed from the circuit, determine the open circuit voltage (VTH) across points A and B (the load).
- With RL removed and short the voltage source, determine the equivalent resistance (RTH) looking into the circuit from points A and B.
- VTH, RTH and RL form a simple series circuit known as Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
Equipment: Dual Power Supply, Digital Multimeter and Bread Board
Components: Resistors (4 Nos: 1K, 2.2 kΩ, 1.8 kΩ, 6.8 kΩ,)
PROCEDURE
Part (A) Thevenizing a Single Source Network
- Connect the circuit shown and adjust positive variable supply (Vs) to 10 Vdc.
- Which components make(s) up the network to be thevenized?
- Calculate the value of RTH by removing the R 3 = RL and short circuiting the voltage source.
- Calculated the value of VTH?
- Based on your calculated values of VTH and RTH, What is the load resistance (R3) current also measure the current through R3.
