Computer Organization & Design: History and Digital Electronics, Summaries of Computer Architecture and Organization

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CSE

Computer Organization and Design

Lecture : 3 Tutorial: 1 Practical: 0

Historical Perspective

❖ First generation Computers (1941-1956):

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❖ Second Generation Computers (1956-1963):

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Characteristics

• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
• Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation

computers

• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• AC required
• Supported machine and assembly languages 8/24/

Characteristics

• IC used
• More reliable
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language 8/24/

❖ Fourth Generation (1971-2010)

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2010 - : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence

• Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development, but some of these technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition.
• AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors. Leaning to the future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and nano technology.
• The essence of fifth generation will be using these technologies to ultimately create machines which can process and respond to natural language, and have capability to learn and organise themselves. 10

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Introduction

Logic Gates

Flip Flops

Decoder

Encoder

Multiplexers

Demultiplexer

Binary Counters

Combinational Circuits

Sequential Circuits

Unit 1 : Basics of Digital Electronics

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Computer Organization

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Structure & Function

• Structure is the way in which components

relate to each other

• Function is the operation of individual

components as part of the structure

Types of computer

• Mainframes: large computers that can support many users while delivering great computing power. It is mainly in mainframes where most of the innovations (both in architecture and in organization) have been made. These are known for their large size, amount of storage, processing power and higher reliability level.
• Minicomputers: have adopted many of the mainframe techniques, yet being designed to sell for less, satisfying the computing needs for smaller groups of users. It is the minicomputer group that improved at the fastest pace (since 1965 when DEC introduced the first minicomputer, PDP- 8 ), mainly due to the evolution of integrated circuits technology (the first IC appeared in 1958 ). It has limited functionality and slower processors, often dedicated to a single application. These are mid-sized computers. It can support 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. The use of these computers have merged with servers. 8/24/