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Question 1. Which HTML element is most appropriate for containing navigation links? A) <section> B) <nav> C) <article> D) <aside> Answer: B Explanation: The <nav> element semantically represents a block of navigation links, improving accessibility and SEO. Question 2. In an HTML document, the <!DOCTYPE html> declaration is used to: A) Define the character encoding B) Link external CSS files C) Specify the HTML version for standards mode D) Include JavaScript before the body Answer: C Explanation: The doctype tells browsers to render the page in standards mode using HTML5. Question 3. Which attribute makes an <input> element required for form submission? A) required="true" B) mandatory C) required D) must Answer: C Explanation: The boolean attribute required (without a value) forces the field to be filled before submission.
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Question 4. Which HTML element is used to embed an SVG graphic directly into a page? A) <img> B) <object> C) <svg> D) <canvas> Answer: C Explanation: <svg> defines vector graphics inline, allowing CSS styling and scripting. Question 5. Which CSS selector has the highest specificity? A) .class1 .class2 B) #header C) div p D) * Answer: B Explanation: ID selectors (#header) have higher specificity than class or element selectors. Question 6. In the CSS box model, which property adds space outside the border? A) padding B) margin C) border-width D) outline Answer: B Explanation: margin creates space between the element’s border and surrounding elements.
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Question 10. Which CSS transition property controls the duration of the transition? A) transition-delay B) transition-property C) transition-timing-function D) transition-duration Answer: D Explanation: transition-duration specifies how long the transition takes. Question 11. In JavaScript, which keyword creates a block‑scoped variable that cannot be reassigned? A) var B) let C) const D) static Answer: C Explanation: const declares a constant reference; reassignment is prohibited, though object contents can mutate. Question 12. What will the following code output? `let a = [1,2,3]; console.log(a.map(x => x
- 2));
A)[1,2,3]B)[2,4,6]C)6D)undefinedAnswer: B Explanation:Array.map` returns a new array with each element multiplied by 2.
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Question 13. Which method creates a shallow copy of an array in ES6? A) Array.clone() B) Array.slice() C) Array.copyWithin() D) Array.splice() Answer: B Explanation: slice() without arguments returns a shallow copy of the entire array. Question 14. In JavaScript, what is the output of console.log(typeof null);? A) "object" B) "null" C) "undefined" D) "function" Answer: A Explanation: Historically, typeof null returns "object" due to a language bug that remains for compatibility. Question 15. Which of the following is a true statement about closures? A) They only work with var variables. B) They allow a function to access variables from its outer lexical scope after that outer function has returned. C) They are a feature exclusive to arrow functions. D) They cannot capture this. Answer: B
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D) document.querySelector('.card') Answer: B Explanation: querySelectorAll returns a static NodeList of all matching elements; getElementsByClassName also works but returns an HTMLCollection. The option B matches the requirement exactly. Question 19. To prevent the default form submission behavior in an event handler, which statement is correct? A) event.stopPropagation(); B) event.preventDefault(); C) return false; D) event.cancel(); Answer: B Explanation: preventDefault stops the browser’s default action (e.g., submitting a form). Question 20. Which React hook is used to manage local component state? A) useEffect B) useContext C) useState D) useReducer Answer: C Explanation: useState returns a state variable and a setter function for local state. Question 21. In React, what does the key prop help with? A) Styling components B) Identifying elements for efficient list re‑rendering
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C) Passing data to child components D) Defining component lifecycle methods Answer: B Explanation: Keys give React a stable identity for each list item, enabling optimal diffing. Question 22. Which lifecycle method is replaced by useEffect with an empty dependency array? A) componentDidMount B) componentWillUnmount C) shouldComponentUpdate D) render Answer: A Explanation: useEffect(() => {...}, []) runs once after the component mounts, mirroring componentDidMount. Question 23. Which HTTP status code indicates that a resource has been permanently moved to a new URL? A) 301 B) 302 C) 307 D) 404 Answer: A Explanation: 301 (Moved Permanently) tells clients to use the new URL for future requests. Question 24. In a RESTful API, which HTTP method is conventionally used to partially update a resource?
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Question 27. Which of the following Express route definitions will match a GET request to /users/123/profile and capture 123 as a route parameter named id? A) app.get('/users/:id/profile', ...) B) app.get('/users/*/profile', ...) C) app.get('/users/:id/:action', ...) D) app.get('/users/:id?', ...) Answer: A Explanation: :id defines a named parameter that captures the segment between /users/ and /profile. Question 28. What is the purpose of the next() function in Express middleware? A) To terminate the request‑response cycle B) To pass control to the next matching middleware or route handler C) To send a JSON response automatically D) To restart the server Answer: B Explanation: Calling next() tells Express to continue processing subsequent middleware functions. Question 29. Which SQL clause is used to remove duplicate rows from a result set? A) DISTINCT B) UNIQUE C) GROUP BY D) HAVING Answer: A Explanation: SELECT DISTINCT returns only unique rows.
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Question 30. In relational database design, what does a foreign key enforce? A) Uniqueness within a table B) Referential integrity between two tables C) Automatic indexing D) Data encryption Answer: B Explanation: A foreign key ensures that values in one table correspond to primary key values in another, maintaining referential integrity. Question 31. Which SQL statement correctly adds a new column age INT to an existing table employees? A) ALTER TABLE employees ADD COLUMN age INT; B) MODIFY employees ADD age INT; C) UPDATE employees SET age = INT; D) INSERT INTO employees (age) VALUES (INT); Answer: A Explanation: ALTER TABLE … ADD COLUMN adds a new column definition. Question 32. Which join returns all records from the left table and the matched records from the right table, with NULL for non‑matching rows? A) INNER JOIN B) LEFT OUTER JOIN C) RIGHT OUTER JOIN D) FULL JOIN Answer: B
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Answer: B Explanation: Document stores excel at handling flexible, schema‑less data structures. Question 36. Which ORM library is commonly used with Node.js for relational databases? A) Mongoose B) Sequelize C) Doctrine D) Hibernate Answer: B Explanation: Sequelize provides an ORM for PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, and MSSQL in Node.js. Question 37. In Sequelize, which method synchronizes models with the database, creating tables if they don’t exist? A) sequelize.connect() B) sequelize.sync() C) sequelize.migrate() D) sequelize.define() Answer: B Explanation: sequelize.sync() checks model definitions and creates/updates tables accordingly. Question 38. Which HTTP header should be set to instruct browsers to only send cookies over secure connections? A) Set-Cookie: Secure B) Cookie: Secure C) Secure-Cookie: true
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D) Set-Cookie: HttpOnly Answer: A Explanation: Adding the Secure attribute to Set-Cookie instructs browsers to transmit the cookie only via HTTPS. Question 39. What does the OWASP Top Ten primarily aim to provide? A) A list of the most popular programming languages. B) Guidelines for cloud deployment. C) A ranked list of the most critical web application security risks. D) A set of UI design patterns. Answer: C Explanation: OWASP Top Ten highlights the most common and severe security vulnerabilities. Question 40. Which attack exploits the insertion of malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users? A) SQL Injection B) Cross‑Site Scripting (XSS) C) CSRF D) Man‑in‑the‑Middle Answer: B Explanation: XSS injects client‑side scripts that execute in the victim’s browser. Question 41. Which of the following is a defense against CSRF attacks? A) Using prepared statements B) Setting the SameSite attribute on cookies
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A) 2:
B) 3:
C) 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text D) 7:1 for all text Answer: C Explanation: WCAG 2.1 AA requires a minimum of 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large (≥18pt or bold ≥14pt) text. Question 45. Which HTML attribute provides alternative text for images, aiding accessibility? A) title B) alt C) aria-label D) placeholder Answer: B Explanation: The alt attribute describes the image content for screen readers and when the image fails to load. Question 46. Which Git command creates a new branch called feature/login and switches to it? A) git branch feature/login B) git checkout - b feature/login C) git switch feature/login D) git merge feature/login Answer: B Explanation: git checkout - b <branch> both creates and checks out the new branch.
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Question 47. In Git, what does the command git rebase - i HEAD~3 allow you to do? A) Merge the last three commits into one B) Interactively edit, reorder, or squash the last three commits C) Delete the last three commits permanently D) Push the last three commits to the remote repository Answer: B Explanation: Interactive rebase (-i) on the last three commits lets you modify history (edit, reorder, squash, etc.). Question 48. Which CI/CD tool is known for using a .gitlab-ci.yml configuration file? A) Jenkins B) Travis CI C) GitLab CI/CD D) CircleCI Answer: C Explanation: GitLab CI/CD pipelines are defined in .gitlab-ci.yml. Question 49. In Docker, which command builds an image from a Dockerfile located in the current directory and tags it as myapp:latest? A) docker run - t myapp:latest . B) docker build - t myapp:latest . C) docker compose up myapp D) docker create myapp:latest Answer: B
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Answer: B Explanation: The X-UA-Compatible meta tag tells IE to use the latest engine (edge mode). Question 53. Which CSS property creates a two‑tone background gradient from top (red) to bottom (blue)? A) background-image: linear-gradient(red, blue); B) background: gradient(red, blue); C) background-color: red; background-color: blue; D) background: linear(red to blue); Answer: A Explanation: linear-gradient defines a gradient direction and color stops. Question 54. Which attribute on an <audio> element enables native controls for play/pause? A) autoplay B) controls C) muted D) loop Answer: B Explanation: Adding controls displays the browser’s built‑in audio UI. Question 55. In CSS Grid, what does grid-auto-flow: dense; do? A) Forces all items into a single row. B) Packs items tightly, filling gaps left by spanning items. C) Disables automatic placement.
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D) Creates a responsive column layout automatically. Answer: B Explanation: dense enables the algorithm to back‑fill empty cells with later‑placed items. Question 56. Which JavaScript feature allows you to import only specific functions from a module? A) require() B) import { funcA, funcB } from './module'; C) import * as utils from './module'; D) include './module'; Answer: B Explanation: Named imports ({ funcA, funcB }) pull only the listed exports. Question 57. In React, which hook replaces the need for componentWillUnmount to clean up side effects? A) useEffect with a cleanup function returned B) useLayoutEffect only C) useMemo D) useRef Answer: A Explanation: Returning a function from useEffect runs it during unmount, mirroring componentWillUnmount. Question 58. Which CSS selector selects every <p> element that is the first child of its parent? A) p:first-child
