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1|Page BIO 1013 BRCC EXAM 2]| ALL QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+|| LATEST AND COMPLETE UPDATE 2024-2025 WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS|| ASSURED PASS!!! The capacity to do work. Cellular work includes processes such as building complex molecules and moving substances into and out of the cell.~ energy renewable fuels made from living organisms~ biofuels Carbon-rich energy sources, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal, which are formed from the compressed, fossilized remains of once-living organisms.~ fossil fuels potential energy stored in the chemical bonds that hold chemical compounds together~ chemical energy The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another.~ 21 conservation of energy stored energy~ potential energy energy due to motion~ kinetic energy The kinetic energy generated by random movements of molecules or atoms.~ heat The process by which plants and algae harness the energy of sunlight to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water.~ Photosynthesis Organisms such as plants, algae, and certain bacteria that can make their own food from inorganic starting materials (e.g., CO2).~ autotrophs 4| The conversion of inorganic carbon (e.g., CO2) into organic forms (e.g., sugars like glucose, C6H1206.~ carbon fixation an estimate of body fat based on height and weight~ Body Mass Index (BMI) having a bmi of 25 or more but less than 30~ overweight Having 20% more body fat than is recommended for one's height, as measured by a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.~ obese A calorie (spelled with a lower-case "c") is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.~ calorie Non-exercise activity thermogenesis, the amount of energy expended in everyday activities.~ neat 5] The molecule that cells use to power energy-requiring functions.~ Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) A series of reactions that occurs in the presence of oxygen and converts energy stored in food into ATP.~ aerobic respiration A series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units; glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and is the first stage of both aerobic respiration and fermentation.~ glycolysis A set of reactions that takes place in mitochondria and helps extract energy (in the form of high-energy electrons) from food; the second stage of aerobic respiration.~ citric acid cycle An electron carrier. NAD+ can accept electrons, becoming NADH in the process.~ NAD+ The transfer of electrons that takes place in mitochondria and produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration; the third stage of aerobic respiration.~ 7\ The building blocks of DNA. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. The sequence of nucleotides (As, Cs, Gs, Ts) along a DNA strand is unique to each person.~ Nucleotide The spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds.~ double helix A visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence.~ dna profile The natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule.~ dna replication Fitting together; two strands of DNA are said to be complementary in that A in one strand always pairs with T in the other strand, and G always pairs with C.~ complimentary An enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix during DNA replication.~ 8| helicase An enzyme that "reads" the nucleotide sequence of a DNA strand and incorporates complementary nucleotides into a new strand during DNA replication.~ DNA polymerase The building blocks of DNA. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. The sequence of nucleotides (As, Cs, Gs, Ts) along a DNA strand is unique to each person.~ Nucleotide A laboratory technique used to replicate, and thus amplify, a specific DNA segment.~ Polyemerase Chain Reaction (PCR) One complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism.~ genome Sections of a chromosome in which short DNA sequences are repeated.~ short tandem repeats (STRs) 10 | The part of a gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein production.~ regulatory sequences Mark for Quizzing: The part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Coding sequences determine the identity, shape, and function of proteins.~ coding sequences A genetically engineered gene that contains portions of genes not naturally found together.~ recombinant gene Altering or manipulating the DNA of organisms by modern laboratory techniques.~ genetic engineering A DNA molecule used to deliver a recombinant gene to a host cell~ vector 11 | The first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the instructions encoded within genes in DNA.~ Transcription The RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription.~ Messenger RNA (mRNA) The second stage of gene expression, during which mRNA sequences are used to assemble the corresponding amino acids to make a protein.~ translation The enzyme that carries out transcription. RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA.~ RNA polymerase Makes proteins~ Ribosomes A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid.~ codon 13 | Autotroph obtain energy by eating other organisms~ Heterotroph process by which plants and other autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to make energy rich molecules~ Photosynthesis We have an expert-written solution to this problem! light energy captured in chemical form~ what chemical energy is made during photosynthesis the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation~ light energy stored energy in the chemical bonds~ potential energy energy of motion~ 14 | kinetic energy energy carried by light~ radiant energy Energy stored in chemical bonds~ chemical energy Capturing the sun's energy and using energy to make food~ what are the stages of photosynthesis scale that shows different types of light waves; range of frequencies & wavelengths~ EM spectrum (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work~ ATP carbon dioxide~ Co2 16 | 6CO2 + 6H20 ------ > C6H1206 + 602~ What is the equation for photosynthesis? energy from the breakdown of ATP is used in the carbon reactions to fix carbon dioxide into organic sugar molecules~ what is the second stage of photosynthesis conversion of inorganic gaseous carbon into an organic molecule~ carbon fixation a series of reactions that convert stored food energy into ATP~ aerobic respiration we have bigger serving sizes~ why are americans heavier than other people a measure of body weight relative to height and weight~ Body Mass Index (BMI) 17| 19-25~ what is a healthy BMi 25-29.9~ what is an overweight bmi over 30~ what is an obese bmi the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.~ Glycolysis DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.~ genes Pharming an extreme shortage of food~ 19 | 1, Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination~ Steps of DNA replication 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain~ steps of aerobic respiration 1.a sample DNA is collected and cut using restriction enzymes 2. DNA pieces are 'run' through gel electrophoresis 3. Gel is stained and x-rayed to a film~ Steps of DNA fingerprinting polymerase chain reaction~ PCR structure determines function~ How are structure and function related? 20 | the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.~ What is genetic engineering? a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence~ dna profile Portions of the DNA that are extremely variable between people~ STRs insertion, deletion, substitution~ Types of mutations the transfer of information from RNA to RNA in RNA replication~ RNA replication macromolecule made of repearting amino acid subunits. Used for muscle contraction, fight infection~ 
