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BIO 311C Exam 1 Study Guide 2026– 2027
Complete Questions, Answers & Verified
Solutions
four nbiological nmolecules n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncarbohydrates, nlipids, nproteins, nnucleic nacids elements nin ncarbohydrates n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncarbon, nhydrogen, noxygen CH2O elements nin nlipids n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncarbon, nhydrogen, noxygen, nphosphorous elements nin nproteins n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncarbon, nhydrogen, noxygen, nnitrogen, nsulfur carbon, nhydrogen, noxygen, nnitrogen, nphosphorous n- n ncorrect nanswer- nelements nin nnucleic nacids functional ngroups nin ncarbohydrates n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhydroxyl nand ncarbonyl functional ngroups nin nlipids n- n ncorrect nanswer- nCH3/-CH OH n(glycerol) PO4 n 2 - nphospholipid functional ngroups nin nproteins n- n ncorrect nanswer- nNH3+/ nNH COO- COOH R-Group: nOH, nSH, nCH functional ngroups nin nnucleic nacids n- n ncorrect nanswer- nNH2 n(nitrogenous nbase) OH n(sugars) PO4 n 2 - Subgroups nof ncarbohydrates n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmonosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides subgroups nof nlipids n- n ncorrect nanswer- nfats nphospholipids nsteroids ncaretonoids subgroups nof nproteins n- n ncorrect nanswer- n-soluble nwith npolar nR
- membrane nwith nnonpolar nR nucleic nacids nsubgroups n- n ncorrect nanswer- nDNA RNA Monosaccharides n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 3 - 7 ncarbon nlong.
When nwill nmonosaccharides nform nrings? n- n ncorrect nanswer- nLonger nthan n 5 ncarbon nand nin nwater condensation nsynthesis n- n ncorrect nanswer- nforming na ncovalent nbond nbetween nmonomers nby nremoving nan nH2O nmolecule What nkinds nof nbonds nis nstarch nconnected nby? n- n ncorrect nanswer- nAlpha n1, n 4 nlinkages What nkinds nof nbonds nis ncellulose nconnected nby? n- n ncorrect nanswer- nBeta n1, n4, nlinkages Which nglucose npolysaccharides nare nconnected nby nalpha nlinkages n- n ncorrect nanswer- nstarch nand nglycogen Types nof npolysaccharides nregarding nfunctions n- n ncorrect nanswer- nstorage nand nstructural example nof nstorage npolysaccharides n- n ncorrect nanswer- nstarch, nglycogen, namylopectin example nof nstructural npolysaccharides n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncellulose, nchitin, nand ncallose 1,6 nlinkages n- n ncorrect nanswer- namylopectin Beta n1, n 4 nlinkages n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncellulose, nchitin, nand ncallose Alpha n1, n 4 nlinkages n- n ncorrect nanswer- nstarch, nglycogen Lipids nare nheld ntogether nby n- n ncorrect nanswer- nester nbonds Ester nbonds nare ncomposed nof n- n ncorrect nanswer- nO-C=O storage npolysaccharides n(use) n- n ncorrect nanswer- nenergy nutilization structural npolysaccharides n(purpose) n- n ncorrect nanswer- nbuild ncell nwalls nand nexoskeletons Saturated nfatty nacid n- n ncorrect nanswer- nonly nsingle nbonds monounsaturated nfatty nacid n- n ncorrect nanswer- nonly none ndouble nbond polyunsaturated n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmultiple ndouble nbonds functional ngroups non nsame nside nof nisomer n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncis functional ngroups non nopposite nsides nof nisomer n- n ncorrect nanswer- ntrans
pH n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmeasure nof n[H+]. nInverse nlog nof n[H+] nin nmolar If nOH=5, nthen nH nequals n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 9 pH nincreases nby n- n ncorrect nanswer- nten nfold acid n- n ncorrect nanswer- ndonates nH+, nincreases nH nconcentration nand ndecreases npH; npH n 1 - 6 base n- n ncorrect nanswer- naccepts nH+, ndonates nOH-, ndecreases nH nconcentration, nincreases npH; npH n 8 - 14 buffer n- n ncorrect nanswer- ndonates nor naccepts nprotons nas nthe npH nincreases nor ndecreaes. nWeak nacid/base nor na ncombination covalent nbonds n- n ncorrect nanswer- nshare nvalence nelectrons. polar ncovalent: nH2O, nNH3,ester, npeptide nonpolar ncovalent: nCH4, nO2, nH2, nCO ionic nbond n- n ncorrect nanswer- ntakes nelectrons; nforms nbetween nmetals nand nmakes nions Van nder nwaals n- n ncorrect nanswer- nweak nforces functional ngroups n- n ncorrect nanswer- ngroups nof natoms nattached nto na nc nmolecule nand nthey ndetermine nthe nproperties nof nsuch nmolecules hydroxyl n- n ncorrect nanswer- nOH, npolar nalcohols, nsugars, nglycerol carbonyl n- n ncorrect nanswer- nC=O, npolar- naldehyde/ketone, nsugars aldehyde n- n ncorrect nanswer- non nthe nend nof na ncarbon ngroup nand nas na nhydrogen ketone n- n ncorrect nanswer- nin nthe nmiddle nof na ncarbon ngroup nand nno nhydrogen nattached carboxyl n- n ncorrect nanswer- nOH-C=O, npolar, nacid, nfatty nacid, namino nacid phosphate n- n ncorrect nanswer- nPO4 n 2 - , nO=P- 3 noxygens, npolar, nacid, nphospholipid, nDNA, nRNA amine n- n ncorrect nanswer- nNH2 nor nNH3+, nbase, namino nacid, nDNA, nRNA sulfhydryl n- n ncorrect nanswer- nSH, nthiol- namino nacids, ncystine methyl n- n ncorrect nanswer- nCH3, nnonpolar, nfats, nproteins, nDNA/RNA 3 ntypes nof nisomers n- n ncorrect nanswer- nstructural, ngeometric, noptical
structural nisomers n- n ncorrect nanswer- nsame nmolecular nformula nbut ndifferent nstructures geometric nisomers n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhas n-C=C- nbut nR ngroups nattached ndifferently; ncis nand ntrans optical nisomers n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncarbon nis nattached nasymmetriaclly nto n 4 ndifferent natoms nor nmolecules; nL namino nacid, nD namino nacid pK n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmid npoint npH nof na nbuffering nrange pK nof n 7 nto n 9 n- n ncorrect nanswer- nabout n 8 The nfunctional ngroup nCOOH nbelongs nto n- n ncorrect nanswer- nfatty nacid Macromolecule nconsisting nof nmonomer ncontaining nadenine nand n 2 nOH ngroups non nthe nbottom nis n- n ncorrect nanswer- nRNA Tertiary nstructure nof na nprotein nis n- n ncorrect nanswer- nirregular nbonding nbetween nthe nside nchains nof namino nacids Polysaccharide nwith nbeta n1,4 nlinkage nand ndifficult nto ndigest n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncellulose Condensation nsynthesis ninvolves n- n ncorrect nanswer- nglycosidic nbond nformation nof ncarbohydrates A n 14 ncarbon nlong nhydrocarbon nchain nwith na nC=C ndouble nbond nbetween nthe nthird nand nfourth ncarbon nand na ncarboxyl nat none nend nis n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmonounsaturated nfatty nacid A nphosphate nwith nfatty nacids nattached nis na nmajor ncomponent nof n- n ncorrect nanswer- nplasma nmembranes Some nproteases ncontain namino nacids ncontaining nOH ngroups nin ntheir nactive nsites. nWhich namino nacids ncontain nOH? n- n ncorrect nanswer- nserine, nthreonin, ntyrosine What nis nthe nmajor npurpose nof nDNA n- n ncorrect nanswer- nfunction nin nthe nsynthesis nof nproteins What nis na ntriacylglycerol n- n ncorrect nanswer- na nlipid nmade nof nthree nfatty nacids nand na nglycerol Which nnitrogenous nbase nis nnot nfound nin nDNA n- n ncorrect nanswer- nuracil Which nis nnot nfound nin nRNA n- n ncorrect nanswer- nthymine bonds nof nnucleic nacid nmonomers n- n ncorrect nanswer- nphosphodiester
The nmolecular nmass nof nglucose nis n 180 ng. nTo nmake non nmolar nsolution nof nglucose, nyou nshould n- n ncorrect nanswer- nDissolve n 180 ng nof nglucose nin n 800 nmL nof nwater nand nadd nwater nup nto n 1 nL van nder nwaals n- n ncorrect nanswer- nrandom ncharges ncaused nby ndistribution nof nelectrons nattract neach nother- noccurs nin neverything. nconstantly nmoving nelectrons Properties nof nlife n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncells, nreproduce, nrespiration, nmetabolism, nDNA, nRNA, nprotein, nlipids, nrespond, nadapt, nmove, nevolve, nhomeostasis, nstructure, norder, ngrowth nand ndevelopment Only nsome norganisms n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncontain nnucleus n(eukaryotes), nperform nphotosynthesis, nand ncontain ncell nwalls Model nsystem n- n ncorrect nanswer- nrepresentative norganism, nshort nlife nspan, nand nsmall nin nsize nand ngenome bacteria nmodel nsystem n- n ncorrect nanswer- ne. ncoli, nsalmonella fungi nmodel nsystem n- n ncorrect nanswer- nyeast plants nmodel nsystem n- n ncorrect nanswer- narabidopsis, nrice, nwheat, ncorn animal nmodel nsystem n- n ncorrect nanswer- nrats, nmice, nzebra nfish, nnematode humans nmodel nsystem n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncell nlines holism n- n ncorrect nanswer- nentire norganism reductionism n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncells nor ntissues nor nmolecules nfrom nan nentire norganism in nvivo n- n ncorrect nanswer- nunder nliving nconditions in nvitro n- n ncorrect nanswer- nin nnonliving nconditions n(below ncell nlevel) in nsitu n- n ncorrect nanswer- nat na nparticular nsite, nform nof nin nvitro Treatments n- n ncorrect nanswer- npositive nand nnegative ncontrols inductive nmethod n- n ncorrect nanswer- nfrom nspecific nto ngeneral deductive n- n ncorrect nanswer- nfrom ngeneral nto nspecific Taxonomic nclassification n- n ncorrect nanswer- ndomain, nkingdom, nphylum, nclass, norder, nfamily, ngenus, nspecies, nvarieties/subspecies Domains n- n ncorrect nanswer- nBacteria; narchaea, nEukarya Eukarya n- n ncorrect nanswer- nProtista, nFungi, nplantae, nanimalia
Biological nheirarchy n- n ncorrect nanswer- natoms, nmolecules, nmacromolecules, nparts nof ncell, nunicellular, ncell, ntissue, norgans, norgan nsystems, nmulticellular norganisms, npopulation, ncommunity, necosystem, nbiomes, nbiosphere hydrogen nbonding n- n ncorrect nanswer- nattraction nbetween nan nH nattached nto none nelectromagnetic natom n(n nor no) nand nanother nelectromagnetic natom n(O, nN) hydrophilic nand nhydrophobic n- n ncorrect nanswer- ndue nto npolar nor nnonpolar nnature nof nmolecules nresulting nin nlike nor ndislike nof nwater nrespectively strength nof nbonds ninside nmolecles n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncovalent, nionic, nH nbonding, nhydrophobic/philic, nvan nder nwaals strength nof nbonds nbetween nmolecules n- n ncorrect nanswer- nionic, nh-bond, npolar ncovalent, nhydrophobic/philic, nvan nder nwaals, nnonpolar ncovalent Properties nof nwater ndue nto nH-bonding n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncohesiveness, nadhesivness, nhigh nspecific nheat, nhigh nheat nof nvaporization, nfreezing nand nexpansion, nversatile nsolvent, nmedium nand nreagent nfor nbiochemical nreactions Solute nconcentration: n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmolarity, n%, nwt/vol, nppm Solid nto nSolution n- n ncorrect nanswer- nMW n(g/mol) n* nM n(mol/L) n* nliters= Make n 100 nmL nof n.5 nM nof nNaOH n(MW=40) n- n ncorrect nanswer- n.5M n* n 40 n* n100/ Stock nsolution nto ndiluted nsolution n- n ncorrect nanswer- nC1V1=C2V 100 nml nof n2% nNaCl nfrom n10% nNaCl n- n ncorrect nanswer- n.1(V1)=100*. V1 nequals n 20 nml Add n20ml nto n 80 nml nwater pKa n- n ncorrect nanswer- nacid nform=base nform, nhelps nwith na nrange nof nbuffering ncapacity hydrolysis n- n ncorrect nanswer- nwater nbreaks ndown nbonds nbetween ntwo nmonomers octet nrule n- n ncorrect nanswer- nan natom nneeds n 2 nelectrons nin nits nfirst nshell nand n 8 nin nthe nsecond nor nthird norbits nto ncomplete nthe nvalence nshell. electronegativity n- n ncorrect nanswer- nrelative nability nof nan natom nto nattract nelectrons nwhen nits ncombined nwith nanother natom anion n- n ncorrect nanswer- nnegatively ncharged nion cation n- n ncorrect nanswer- npositively ncharged nion
A nmolecule nthat nis npolar n- n ncorrect nanswer- nCH3OH When nwater nfreezes nto nform nice, nthe n_______ nconnect nthe nwater nmolecule n- n ncorrect nanswer- nH-bonds When nmagnesium nand nchlroines nwith ntwo nelectrons nand nseven nelectrons nrespectively nin ntheir nvalence nshells ninteract, nthey nwill nform n- n ncorrect nanswer- nionic nbonds Which nbonds nwill nbreak nif nwater nevaporates n- n ncorrect nanswer- nH-bonds protons ndefine nthe n- n ncorrect nanswer- nelement neutrons ndefine nthe n- n ncorrect nanswer- nisotope electrons ndefine nthe n- n ncorrect nanswer- nion/chemical nproperties/ nelectronegativity In nwater n____ nbonds nare nstronger nthan n_____ nbonds, nwhich nare nstronger nthan n______ nbonds n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncovalent, nionic, nhydrogen Why nare ncovalent nbonds nstronger nthan nionic nbonds nin nbiology n- n ncorrect nanswer- nMost nbiological nprocesses noccur nin nwater, nand ncovalent nbonds nare nthe nstrongest nin nwater when nyou nare nscrambling nan negg, nwhich nbonds nwill nbreak nfirst n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhydrogen nbonds, nionic nbonds, nand nthen ncovalent a nsolution nthat ncontains n.001 nmoles nof nhydroxide nions nper nliter nwill nbe n- n ncorrect nanswer- n... How nwill nyou nmake na n200ml nsolution nof n5mM nsucrose nfrom na n 100 nmM nsucrose nsolution? n- n ncorrect nanswer- nMix n 10 nml nof nthe n 100 nmM nsucrose nand n 190 nml nof nwater Relationship nbetween ncondensation nreactions nand nhydrolyssis n- n ncorrect nanswer- ndehydration nreactions nassemble npolymers, nand nhydrolysis nbreaks ndown npolymers If na nstarch nof n 25 nglucose nmolecules nis nhydrolysized nwhat nwould nit nproduce? n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 25 nglucose nmolecules if n 128 nmolecules nof nsugar nwere ncovalently njoined ntogether, nthe nresulting nmolecule nwould nbe n- n ncorrect nanswer- npolysaccharide nand n 127 nwater nmolecules humans nare nunable nto ndigest ncellulose nbut ncan ndigest nstarch, n- n ncorrect nanswer- nbecause nhumans nonly ndigest nalpha n 1 - 4, nnot nbeta n1,
The nchemical nreaction nof ncondensation nsynthesis nresults nin n- n ncorrect nanswer- nwater nand na npolymer Leucine nand nisoleucine nwould nbe non nthe n______ nof na nprotein n- n ncorrect nanswer- ninterior Side nchains nof nleucine nand nisoleucine nwill n- n ncorrect nanswer- nVan nder nwaals nattractions Maximum nnumber nof ndisulfide nbonds nwhen n 8 ncysteine nare npresent n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 4 Phophorylation nis nthe naddition nof na nphosphate nto nthe n-OH ngroups npresent nin namino nacids nsuch nas nserine, ntheronine, nand ntyrosine. nHow nmany nif nthere nare n 10 nserine, n7, nthreonine, nand n 3 ntyrosine? n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 20 Lysozyme nis nmade nup nof na nsingle nprotein nand nit nbreaks ndown ncell nwall npolysaccharides nof nbacteria. nWhich nof nthe nfollowing n3D nstructure nis nnot npresent nin nlysozyme n- n ncorrect nanswer- nquaternary What nis nstabilized nby nthe nH-bonds n- n ncorrect nanswer- n... what nbest ndescribes nthe nflow nof ngenetic ninformation namong nnucleic nacids n- n ncorrect nanswer- nDNA-RNA-proteins nucleosides n- n ncorrect nanswer- nnitrogenous nbase nand na nsugar 2 nstrands nmaking nup nthe nDNA ndouble nhelix nare nheld ntogether nby n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhydrogen nbonds Each nstrand nof nRNA nor nDNA nis nmade nup nof nnucleotides nthat nare nbonded nthrough n- n ncorrect nanswer- nphosphodiester nbonds emergent nproperties n- n ncorrect nanswer- nnovel nproperties nthat nresult nfrom nthe nway ncomponents ninteract n(as nyou ngo nup nthe nheirachy) simplest nstarch n- n ncorrect nanswer- namylose alpha n1, n 6 nlinkages n- n ncorrect nanswer- namylopectin glycogen n- n ncorrect nanswer- ninsoluble npolysaccharide ncontaining nbranched namylose nchains structural nmaterial nfound nin nanthropods nand nmany nfungi. nForms na ntough, nresisitant nmaterial nthat nserves nas nthe nhard nexoskeleton nof ninsects nand ncrustaceans n- n ncorrect nanswer- nchitin components nof nnucleotide n- n ncorrect nanswer- npentose n(five ncarbon nsugar), nphosphate ngroup, nand norganic nnitrogeneous nbase
plant nfats n- n ncorrect nanswer- nunsaturated tropical nplant noils n- n ncorrect nanswer- nsaturated, nbut nliquid nat nroom ntemp transfat n- n ncorrect nanswer- nunsaturated nfat nis nhydrogenated nto nmake nit nsolid miscilles n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhydrophobic ncircles nof nphospholipid alcohols n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhydroxyl ketones n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmiddle ncarbonyl ngroup aledhydes n- n ncorrect nanswer- nend ncarbonyl ngroup carboxylic nacids n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncarboxyl amines n- n ncorrect nanswer- namino thiols n- n ncorrect nanswer- nsulfhydryl organic nphosphates n- n ncorrect nanswer- nphosphate methylated ncompounds n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmethyl example nof nhydroxyl n- n ncorrect nanswer- nethanol example nof ncarbonyl n- n ncorrect nanswer- nacetone nand npropanal example nof ncarboxyl n- n ncorrect nanswer- nacetic nacid examples nof namino n- n ncorrect nanswer- nglycine examples nof nsulfhydryl n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncysteine examples nof nphosphate n- n ncorrect nanswer- nglycerol nphosphate examples nof nmethyl n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 5 - methyl ncytidine hexoses n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 6 ncarbon nsugar trioses n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 3 ncarbon nsugar pentoses n- n ncorrect nanswer- n 5 ncarbon nsugar form nof nsteroid n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncholesterol common ncomponent nof nanimal ncell nmembranes nand nis nthe nprecursor nfor nother nsteroids n- n ncorrect nanswer- ncholesterol
Nonpolar namino nacid npossibilities n- n ncorrect nanswer- nH, nCH3, nCH, nCH2, nRing nwith nalternating ndouble nbonds Polar nacid npossibilties n- n ncorrect nanswer- nOH, nSH, nOH, nNH2/O polar ncharged nacidic n- n ncorrect nanswer- nCOO- polar ncharged nbasic n- n ncorrect nanswer- nNH3+, nNH2+ globular nproteins n- n ncorrect nanswer- nspherical fibrous nproteins n- n ncorrect nanswer- nlong nfibers zwitterion n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhas npositive nand nnegative ncharges; nchanges nfrom nacid nto nbase nand nstuff how nmany nelectrons nare nshared nin na ncovalent nbond? n- n ncorrect nanswer- none npair n(single- 1 npair, ndouble- 2 npair) covalent nbond nis nlikely nto nbe npolar nwhen n- n ncorrect nanswer- none natom nis nmuch nmore nelectronegative nthan nthe nother attraction nbetween nwater nmolecules n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhydrogen nbond nonpolar nmolecules naggregate nin nwater n- n ncorrect nanswer- nhydrophobic ninteraction What nif nice nwere nmore ndense nthan nwater n- n ncorrect nanswer- nwater nwould ngradually nbuild nup nover ntime nand nkill necosystem rRNA n- n ncorrect nanswer- nribosomal nRNA, nhelps nmake nproteins tRNA n- n ncorrect nanswer- ntransfer nRNA, nbrings namino nacids nto nmake nproteins mRNA n- n ncorrect nanswer- nmessenger nRNA, ntakes ninfo nfrom nDNA nto nmake nproteins monomer nof ncarotenoid n- n ncorrect nanswer- nisoprene Pi n- n ncorrect nanswer- ninorganic nP PPi n- n ncorrect nanswer- npyrophosphate n2P
