Biochemistry - DNA Replication, Exercises of Biology

Download Biochemistry - DNA Replication and more Exercises Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

NO

STRUCTURE NAME DNA RNA

1. Phosphate ✔ ️ ✔ ️
2. Deoxyribose️ ✔ ️
3. Ribose ✔ ️
4. Adenine ✔ ️ ✔ ️
5. Guanine ✔ ️ ✔ ️
6. Thymine ✔ ️
7. Cytosine ✔ ️ ✔ ️

8. Uracil ✔ ️
9. Complete the three 9 (3) stages of Transcription; initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation️ is️ the️ beginning️ of️ transcription.️ It️ occurs️ when️ the️ enzyme️ RNA polymerase️ binds️ to️a️ region️ of️ a️gene️ called️ the️ promoter.️ This️ signals️ the DNA️to️unwind️so️the️enzyme️can️‘‘read’’️the️bases️in️one️of️the️DNA️strands. The️ enzyme️ is️ now️ ready️ to️ make️ a️ strand️ of️ mRNA️ with️ a️ complementary sequence️of️bases. Elongation️is️the️addition️of️nucleotides️to️the️mRNA️strand.️RNA️polymerase reads️ the️ unwound️ DNA️ strand️ and️ builds️ the️ mRNA️ molecule,️ using complementary️base️pairs.️There️is️a️brief️time️during️this️process️when️the newly️ formed️ RNA️ is️ bound️ to️ the️ unwound️ DNA.️ During️ this️ process,️ an adenine️(A)️in️the️DNA️binds️to️an️uracil️(U)️in️the️RNA.

15). What is meant by semiconservative DNA replication? (2pts.) Semi-conservative️ replication️ means️ that️ during️ DNA️ replication,️ the️ two strands️of️nucleotides️separate.️Both️strands️then️form️the️template️for️free nucleotides️to️bind️to️to️create️the️two️identical️daughter️strands.️Hence️each daughter️ strand️ has️ half️ of️ the️ DNA️ from️ the️ original️ strand️ and️ half️ newly- formed️DNA. 16). Why deoxyribonucleic acids are called acids? What are the acidic groups in their structure? (2pts.) The️name️comes️from️its️structure,️which️is️a️sugar️and️phosphate️backbone which️ have️ bases️ sticking️ out️ from️ it—so-called️ bases.️ So️ that️ “deoxyribo” refers️to️the️sugar️and️the️nucleic️acid️refers️to️the️phosphate️and️the️bases. 17). Name the type of covalent bond(s) joining monomers in these biopolymers. a. Polysaccharides- Glycosidic️Bonds b. Polypeptides- Peptide️Bonds️and️Hydrogen️Bonds c. Nucleic acids-️ Phosphodiester️ Covalent️ Bonds,️ Ester️ Bonds️ and Hydrogen️Bonds️ 18). List three (3) differences between DNA and RNA.  SUGAR. The️ sugar️ in️ DNA️ is️ deoxyribose,️ which️ contains️ one less️ hydroxyl️ group️ than️ RNA’s️ ribose.️️ RNA️ contains️ ribose sugar️ molecules,️ without️ the️ hydroxylmodifications️ of deoxyribose.  FUNCTION. ️ DNA️replicates️and️stores️genetic️information.️It️is️a blueprint️for️all️genetic️information️contained️within️an️organism. RNA️ converts️ the️ genetic️ information️ contained️ within️ DNA️ to️ a format️ used️ to️ build️ proteins,️ and️ then️ moves️ it️ to️ ribosomal protein️factories.  BASES. ️ The️ bases️ in️ DNA️ are️ Adenine️ (‘A’),️ Thymine️ (‘T’), Guanine️(‘G’)️and️Cytosine️(‘C’). RNA️ shares️ Adenine️ (‘A’),️ Guanine️ (‘G’)️ and️ Cytosine️ (‘C’)️ with DNA,️but️contains️Uracil️(‘U’)️rather️than️Thymine.

19). Explain the differences between leading strand and lagging strand replication. (2pts.) Leading️ strand️ synthesis️ does️ not️ require️ an️ RNA️ primer️ while️ a️ lagging strand️synthesis️requires️RNA️primase.️A️leading️strand️is️the️strand️which️is synthesized️in️the️5’-3’direction️ while️ a️lagging️ strand️ is️ the️strand️ which️ is synthesized️ in️ the️ 3’-5’️ direction.️ The️ leading️ strand️ is️ synthesized continuously️ while️ a️ lagging️ strand️ is️ synthesized️ in️ fragments️ which️ are called️Okazaki️fragments. D.️ELABORATE️ Application Instructions:️Fill️in️the️blanks️with️the️correct️answer. 1). The two (2) types of nucleic acids are important to the cell. The first is Deoxyribonucleic️ Acid️ (DNA) , which carries all of the genetic information for an organism. The second type is️️️ Ribonucleic️ Acid️ (RNA)️️️ which is responsible for interpreting the genetic information into proteins that will carry out essential cellular functions. 2). The components of these nucleic acids include a five️ carbon️ sugar,️ a phosphate️ group, and four heterocyclic amines called nitrogenous️ bases. The sugar in DNA is 2’-️️️ ️️deoxyribose and the sugar in RNA is ribose.️ 3). Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine, and cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. 4). The central dogma of molecular biology states that in cells the flow of genetic information contained in DNA is a one-way street that leads from ️️️DNA️️ to RNA️️ ️️️ to protein. 5). The process by which a single strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule is called transcription. The process by which the message is converted into protein is called️ translation. Unlike transcription, the process of️️️ translation️️ involves converting the information from one language to another.