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BIOD 171 MODULE 5 2026 STUDY GUIDE AND
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
โ What does universal precaution mean? Answer: Any and all samples are treated as potentially hazardous material โ What is the most rare plague? Answer: Septicemic โ What are the 5 steps to infection? Answer: Entry, attachment, invasion, evasion, and exit/transmission โ Entry occurs by ... Answer: Parenteral entry or mucus membranes โ What is used by pathogens for attachment? Answer: Adhesin factors โ What is the purpose of invasion? Answer: It secures nutrients for growth and multiplication โ Antigen masking Answer: Microbe hides surface antigens with host molecules
โ Mimicry Answer: Microbe copies host molecules to resemble host cells โ Variation Answer: Microbe changes surface molecules so it isn't recognized โ Latency Answer: May hide as a provirus โ Intracellular lifestyle Answer: Living inside the host โ Suppressing immune function Answer: Inhbiting immune factors, breaking down antibodies, and blocking immune cell signaling โ Avoiding phagocytosis Answer: Making a capsule, blocking phagosome-lysosome fusion, neutralizing enzymes, releasing toxins, and living in phagolysosome โ Direct contact transmission involves ... Answer: Person to person, animal, environment, and vertical โ Person to person transmission involves ... Answer: Skin/mucous contact, sex, saliva, touch โ Animal transmission involves ... Answer: Scratch or bite
โ Examples of mucous membranes include ... Answer: Conjunctiva of the eye, respiratory tract, GI tract, and reproductive tract โ Parenteral route involves what? Answer: Puncture or break in the skin โ Otic Answer: The ear โ Universal guidelines for transmission-based precautions were implemented in response to what? Answer: The AIDS epidemic โ What does the universal guidelines include? Answer: Hand hygiene, wearing gloves, barrier gowns, face shields, disinfections of surfaces โ Contact precautions Answer: Used to prevent spread of disease by direct or indirect contact (hands and fomites) โ Fomites Answer: Inanimate objects โ What must be done for contact, droplet, and airborne precautions? Answer: Limit patient transport
โ Does not suspend in air Answer: Droplet precaution โ Airborne precautions Answer: When particles suspend in air and spread through aerosols, must utilize AIIR rooms โ AIIR rooms Answer: airborne infection isolation room โ Airbone precautions require ... Answer: Standard precautions and N95 mask โ Droplet precautions require ... Answer: Standard precautions and a procedural mask โ What is the most common portal of entry? Answer: Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract โ During the process of identifying, plating uses what kind of media? Answer: Selective or non-selective โ Pathogenicity Answer: Ability to cause disease โ Virulence Answer: Ease of pathogen to infect and cause disease
โ ... causes 90% of streptococcal infections that results in pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes โ Group A streptococcus Answer: S. pyogenes โ Group B streptococcus Answer: S. agalactiae โ Streptococcal pharyngitis is also known as ... Answer: Strep throat โ What are the characteristics of streptococcal pharyngitis? Answer: Fever, enlargement of neck lymph nodes, reddening of tissues in throat, soreness and discomfort โ If untreated, streptococcal pharyngitis can progress to what disease? Answer: Rheumatic fever (3% 2-3 weeks post infection) โ What are the symptoms of rheumatic fever? Answer: Joint inflammation, involuntary jerking, nodules beneath skin, reddening of the skin โ Rheumatic fever targets which organ? Answer: The heart, damaging heart valves
โ How does rheumatic fever cause damage to the heart? Answer: It has similar antigens, so results in autoimmune reaction where immune system attacks heart tissues โ What is rheumatic fever treated with? Answer: Penicillin โ S. septicemia is what kind of disease? Answer: Group B โ S. septicemia is caused by ... Answer: Infection of the lungs, abdomen, urinary tract, meningitis/endocarditis โ What are some symptoms of S. septicemia? Answer: Fever, chills, rapid breathing, increased HR and lymphangitis โ What are the treatments for S. septicemia? Answer: Antibiotcis, IV fluids, oxygen โ S. septicemia may also be caused by ... Answer: E. coli, pseudomonas, klebsiella, and S. aureus โ What are the three stages of sepsis? Answer: Mild, severe (moderate), and septic shock (severe)
โ Staphylococcus is the causative agent of which diseases? Answer: Folliculits, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, conjunctivitis, and ophthalmia neonatorum โ Folliculitis causes lesions in follicles known as ... Answer: Pustules (large pus-filled lesions) โ Pustules can progress to ... and then ... Answer: Furuncle; carbuncle โ Scalded skin syndrome affects ... Answer: Young children/infants โ Pyogenic Answer: Pus-producing โ In scalded skin syndrome, what do skins lesions have? Answer: Exfoliative endotoxins with no bacteria โ Impetigo is classified as ... Answer: Childhood skins disease โ Impetigo affects what population? Answer: 2-5 year olds
โ Characteristics of impetigo Answer: Fluid-filled red sores that are itchy and discomforting โ How does impetigo spread? Answer: When sores rupture or are scratched, they spread โ How is impetigo treated? Answer: With peniccillin โ How is scalded skin syndrome treated? Answer: With penicillin โ Conjunctiva Answer: Thin layer that covers the sclera โ Most common infection for conjunctivitis is ... Answer: Staph โ What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis? Answer: Itching, painful burning, increased tear production, shut eye โ Ophthalmia neonatorum Answer: Sever form of conjunctivitis that can lead to permanent eye damage โ How is ophthalmia neonatorum treated? Answer: With antibiotic ointment containing neomycin, and drops
โ What is the treatment for mycobacterium tuberculosis? Answer: A combination of the drugs isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide โ How long is treatment for TB? Answer: 6-9 months โ What are the steps of TB infection (pathogenesis)? Answer: Transmission, macrophages engulf, bacteria resists lysis, bacteria multiplies in macrophages, immune cells produce tubercle around infection, collagen fibers form around tubercle, cell in center dies releasing bacteria โ What is the last stage of TB infection? Answer: Secondary/reactivated TB, or disseminated TB โ Cell wall of mycobacterium contains ... Answer: Mycolic acid (waxy lipids) โ What is the purpose of mycotic acid? Answer: It protects against lysis and dedication, resistance against detergents and antimicrobial drugs โ What are characteristics of TB due to mycotic acid? Answer: Slow growth, intracellular growth, poor gram stain
โ ... of the world is infected with M. tuberculosis (how many new cases each year?) Answer: 1/3 (10 million new cases per year) โ What is the 4th leading cause of death from infection? Answer: M. tuberculosis โ What is the major cause of death in HIV/AIDS population? Answer: M. tuberculosis โ Leprosy is also known as ... Answer: Hansen's disease โ Leprosy is caused by ... Answer: Mycobacterium leprae โ How is M. leprae visualized? Answer: Acid-fast staining โ Infections of m.leprae are ... for 3-20 years Answer: Asymptomatic โ How is leprosy spread? Answer: person to person via airborne fluid droplets โ What does leprosy primarily affect? Answer: Skin, nerves, upper resp. tract, and eyes
โ Cord factor (TB) Answer: Tether bacterial cells together, decreasing effectiveness of neutrophils โ How is TB diagnosed? Answer: Skin test, chest X-ray, acid fast staining, florescence microscopy, molecular testing, interferon gamma release assay โ How are multi-drug resistant and extensively drug resistant TBs treated? Answer: With fluoroquinolone or aminoglycosides โ MDR-TB Answer: Multi-drug resistant TB โ XDR-TB Answer: Extensively drug resistant TB โ Why does leprosy localize to extremities? Answer: It grow at lower temperatures โ What are the 2 forms of leprosy? Answer: Tuberculoid leprosy (non-progressive) and lepromatous leprosy (facial disfigurement, destroys bones/tissues) โ How is leprosy diagnosed? Answer: Skin test and acid-fast staining
โ What causes botulism? Answer: Clostridium botulinum โ Clostridium botulinum characteristics Answer: Gram-positive, anaerobic, bacillus, spore-forming โ Clostridium botulinum releases toxin under ... conditions Answer: Anaerobic โ Where does food borne botulism come from? Answer: Improperly canned foods or contaminated foods โ What does food borne botulism result in? Answer: Muscle weakness and paralysis โ Infant botulism occurs in ... Answer: Children younger than 6 months โ What is the major cause of infant botulism? Answer: Soil, dirt, dust โ Why does C.botulinum ingestion cause sickness in infants but not adults? Answer: Because children don't have an established gut microbiota
โ Toxemia Answer: Blood poisoning by toxin โ What is the cause of gas gangrene? Answer: C. perfringes โ C. perfringes characteristics Answer: Gram-positive, bacillus, anaerobic โ What is produced by C. perfringes? Answer: Alpha-toxin called perfringolysin, which established in deep puncture wounds โ How does the perfringolysin toxin work? Answer: It forms spores on host cell plasma membrane, perforating cell, leading to uncontrolled ion influx โ Who are at greater risk of C. perfringes? Answer: Diabetics and people with circulatory disease โ Perfringolysin toxicity is characterized by ... Answer: Muscle necrosis, swelling of infected area, fever, intense gas production โ What causes the gas production in gas gangrene? Answer: The toxin which leads to robust carbohydrate fermentation
โ Gas production for gas gangrene causes ... Answer: Further cell damage, necrosis, and invasion โ How is gas gangrene treated? Answer: Removal of infected tissue, heavy antibiotic treatment, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment โ C. difficile has how many infections/deaths per year? Answer: 500K infections and 29K deaths โ C. diff causes ... Answer: Diarrhea and deadly colitis โ C. difficile characteristics Answer: Gram-positive, bacillus, spore- forming, anaerobe, opportunistic, produces toxin โ The majority of C. diff cases occur in what population? Answer: Elderly, those with antibiotic treatment, and hospitalized/in long- term facilities โ How is C. diff transmitted? Answer: Fecal-oral route โ What are the symptoms of C. diff? Answer: Diarrhea, dehydration, colitis (can lead to bowel perforation), sepsis, and hemorrhage
