Download BIOD 151 MODULE 7 CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION 2026 FULL STUDY SHEET SOLUTION and more Exams Reasoning in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOD 151 MODULE 7 CERTIFICATION
EXAMINATION 2026 FULL STUDY SHEET
SOLUTION
โ Excretion involves what systems? Answer: The respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urinary system. โ The reproductive system is controlled by what other system? Answer: The endocrine system. โ Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body? Answer: The epithelial tissue. โ Name the three steps in cellular respiration. Answer: 1) glycolysis
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain โ What is the purpose of ATP? Answer: ATP provides cells with the energy necessary to carry out cellular activities and functions. โ Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? Answer: Secretion and absorption
โ What are the four basic tissue types? Answer: 1) epithelial
- muscle
- connective
- nervous โ Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction? Answer: Superficial โ Away from the body surface is what direction? Answer: Deep โ Between a more medial and a more lateral structure is what direction? Answer: Intermediate โ Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction? Answer: Medial โ Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what direction? Answer: Inferior โ Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? Answer: Superior
โ Define depression in anatomy Answer: downward movement of a structure โ Define retraction Answer: the movement of a structure in the posterior direction โ Define protraction Answer: the movement of a structure in the anterior direction โ A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally toward the radius - what is this action called? Answer: Radial deviation โ This body division includes the head, neck, and trunk. Answer: axial division โ This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. Answer: sagittal plane โ These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. Answer: frontal planes โ A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts. Answer: superior and inferior
โ These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. Answer: oblique โ This body cavity protects the nervous system. Answer: dorsal body cavity โ This body cavity encases the brain. Answer: cranial โ This cavity encloses the spinal cord. Answer: spinal โ The frontal plane is also known as what plane? Answer: coronal โ The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities. Answer: thoracic and abdominopelvic โ This cavity encloses the heart. Answer: pericardial โ The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called what? Answer: serosa
surface area of a cell is relative to its volume, the faster metabolic processes can occur. โ What are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Answer: 1) Prokaryotic cells do not have a nuclear membrane whereas eukaryotic cells do
- prokaryotic cells are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells
- prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles that are found in eukaryotic cells. โ What is the function of the nucleus? Answer: The nucleus stores DNA and is the control center of the cell. โ What is the function of ribosomes? Answer: Ribosomes synthesize proteins. โ What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? Answer: synthesizes lipids โ What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? Answer: The rough ER takes the proteins from the ribosomes on its surface and modifies and transports them.
โ What is the function of RNA? Answer: RNA transports the coded amino acid sequence to the ribosomes from the nucleus for protein synthesis. โ What is the function of endospores? Answer: An endospore is a dormant and very durable cell formed from bacteria. โ What is the function of the Golgi complex? Answer: The Golgi complex receives lipids and proteins from the ER, alters the structures of them, and then ships them to other parts in the cell. It also produces lysosomes. โ What is the function of a lysosome? Answer: A lysosome is made up of digestive enzymes that break down biomacromolecules. โ What is the function of mitochondria? Answer: The mitochondria converts energy from food into ATP. โ What is the function of the plasma membrane? Answer: The plasma membrane contains gates and pumps that regulate what goes into and out of cells. โ What are microtubules? Answer: Microtubules are hollow tubes that help move chromosomes during cell division.
โ diffusion Answer: Diffusion is when molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to achieve equilibrium with the two sides of a membrane. (small molecules such as gases, water, and glycerol as well as lipid-soluble molecules such as hydrocarbons) Facilitated diffusion is used for a lipid-insoluble molecule and happens by carrier proteins binding temporarily to the molecule and releasing it to the other side. (lipid-insoluble (polar) molecules such as sugars and amino acids) โ active transport Answer: When molecules or ions are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This requires extra energy and carrier proteins because the molecules are going against the concentration gradient. โ endocytosis Answer: when a biomacromolecule outside the cell gets enclosed in the cell membrane and forms a vesicle inside the cell. โ phagocytosis Answer: endocytosis of extremely large things like other cells. Once enclosed, lysosomes fuse with and digest it. โ pinocytosis Answer: endocytosis of tiny droplets of fluids. The cell membrane pinches inward.
โ receptor-mediated endocytosis Answer: information transfer from one cell to another by use of ligands (signaling molecules) that bind to receptor proteins. โ proteins Answer: In facilitated diffusion and active transport, carrier proteins are used to move lipid-insoluble molecules to the other side of the membrane. โ isotonic Answer: same concentration of solutes inside as outside the cell โ hypertonic Answer: higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell blood cells will shrivel in the process of equalizing โ hypotonic Answer: lower concentration of solutes inside the cell that outside the cell blood cells will swell in the process of equalizing โ cholesterol Answer: Cholesterol is a lipid that is very hydrophobic and has one polar hydroxyl group. It joins with phopholipids and mixes in with the tails to prevent solidification during low temperatures. It also stabilizes the phospholipd head with the hydroxyl group by restricting movement in higher temperatures.
