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BIOD331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SCIENCE, MEDICINE AND HEMATOLOGY FINAL TEST WITH ACTUAL EXAM TIPS
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Taking your child to the pediatrician for their annual well check-up and keeping up with the recommended vaccination schedule would be an example of: Primary prevention You are seeing a patient in your clinic who recently suffered a TIA. Recent diagnostic tests revealed that he has atrial fibrillation. You decide to put him on a blood thinner to Tertiary prevention
prevent a future neurologic event. This would be an example of: James is being seen for his first colonoscopy. He turned 50 this year, and his father recently passed away from colon cancer at age 85. This would be an example of: Secondary prevention True/False: Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances False See an expert-written answer Fill in the blank propel chyme along the small intestine toward the large intestine in one direction. Peristaltic movements
female. Her hemoglobin levels are 7 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Jane, a 37 - year-old female. Her hemoglobin levels are 13 g/dL. Would this be considered a normal or abnormal value? Normal Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. It is involved in cellular respiration They play a role in apoptosis Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? It includes peroxisomes and proteasomes Which of the following is an active form of Vitamin D? 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Which of the following is an inactive form of Vitamin D? Cholecalciferol
Which of the following is synthesized in the kidney and regulates the differentiation of red blood cells within bone marrow? Erythropoietin Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation
Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut-off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid. You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They mentioned that they joined a Silver Sneakers program at their local gym because they read that weight-bearing exercise promotes bone density. What word of caution would you give to them as they participate in this program? While weight-bearing exercises have been shown to increase bone density, they should be done in a safe way, minimizing the risk for falls as they are at increased risk for fracture with a diagnosis of osteoporosis.
You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. They mention to you that they are doing safe, weight bearing exercises each day to increase bone density. They are also taking a Calcium supplement. What additional supplement would you recommend they take? Explain why. They should also take a Vitamin D supplement, as it helps to increase calcium absorption. You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with Osteoporosis. You have suggested that they start taking Calcium and Vitamin D daily. What else can you recommend to slow the progression of You should recommend regular weight- bearing exercises to increase bone density. This should be done in a safe manner minimizing the risk for falls. (The key is safety. Weight-bearing exercises done safely is the best answer, but exercise done in a way that minimizes risk of fractures is the key. Exercises done safely as an answer should receive full credit.)
suddenly collapsed with complaints of the above symptoms. You order a CT scan of his chest and determine that he has experienced a large, spontaneous pneumothorax in his left lung. Describe the treatment required for this condition. You are evaluating a patient in the Emergency Department who was brought in by ambulance after being involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. Their respiratory rate is increased; they are experiencing difficulty breathing, and breath sounds in their right lung are diminished. You order a CT scan and determine that they are Emergency treatment of a tension pneumothorax requires the immediate insertion of a large- bore needle or chest tube into the affected side, along with one- way valve drainage or continuous chest suction to aid in re-inflating the affected lung.
experiencing a pneumothorax of their right lung. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases reveal that blood oxygenation is outside of normal limits. Describe the treatment required to reverse this condition.
This type of cell remains incompletely differentiated throughout life: Stem cell These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide. Progenitor or parent cells Which of the following are most likely to have arisen from an adult stem cell? Epithelial Each of the following is characteristic of Addison's Disease except? Emotional disturbances Signs and symptoms of Addison's disease include each of the following EXCEPT: Hyperglycemia Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Addison's Disease? Select all that Decreased cortisol levels Hyperpigmentation of the skin
apply. Which of the following would you expect to find if someone has Cushing's Disease? Select all that apply. Increased cortisol levels Buffalo hump 1 ___ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites
dose of Adderall to treat his daytime sleepiness. What are TWO behavior modifications he should make to control/prevent his symptoms? ease the symptom of daytime sleepiness. Your friend is suffering from adjustment insomnia. She just started a new job and is anxious about her new responsibilities. What are TWO behavior modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day), creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. Your patient has been suffering from chronic insomnia for the past 6 months. You have prescribed her Ambien as a Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one
sedative, but what are TWO additional behavior modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? needs to feel refreshed during the day),creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. True/False: The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. False You are seeing Jenny, a 25 - year- old female in your office whose chief complaint is debilitating pain in the MCP joints of both hands. Jenny reports general feelings of fatigue, and you notice nodules over her MCP joints. She states that she Jenny more than likely has RA. She is young. She has a bilateral presentation. Her MCP joints are affected, which is most common with RA. She is exhibiting systemic symptoms of fatigue. She has prolonged morning stiffness in her joints, but this is alleviated with movement.
You are seeing Tom, a 65 - year- old male in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in his right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness when he first wakes up, but if he walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot throughout the day. He reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he cannot tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces ofevidence that support your diagnosis. Tom more than likely has OA. His age of onset is higher. He has unilateral presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by moving around. His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet. (If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.) Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? Lymphocytes Which cell in the blood provides primary Platelets
hemostasis? Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7. mg/dL. They are not complaining of pain, and there are no signs of inflammation. What phase of gout would you place them? Asymptomatic hyperuricemia Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are complaining of severe pain in the affected joint that is painful to the touch. What phase of gout would you place them? Acute gout arthritis Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They have had multiple gout attacks in the past. They are currently not experiencing joint pain, but you notice visible tophi over their affected joints. Chronic tophaceous gout (phase 4)
