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BIOD331 SCRIPT 2026 FULL SOLVED
CONTENT
◉Your patient has been suffering from chronic insomnia for the past 6 months. You have prescribed her Ambien as a sedative, but what are TWO additional behavior modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? Answer: Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day),creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime. ◉True/False: The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T- cell receptors for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection. Answer: False ◉You are seeing Jenny, a 25-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is debilitating pain in the MCP joints of both hands. Jenny reports general feelings of fatigue, and you notice nodules over her MCP joints. She states that she experiences stiffness in her hands in the morning that lasts well over an hour. However, as she
gets moving, this seems to subside. Would you suspect that Jenny has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. Answer: Jenny more than likely has RA. She is young. She has a bilateral presentation. Her MCP joints are affected, which is most common with RA. She is exhibiting systemic symptoms of fatigue. She has prolonged morning stiffness in her joints, but this is alleviated with movement. ◉You are seeing Lynn, a 40-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in the DIP joints of both of her hands. She is a medical transcriptionist and types all day long. She reports that her pain gets worse as the day goes on. Would you suspect that Lynn has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. Answer: Lynn more than likely has OA. Her age of onset is between 30 and 60. Her DIP joints are affected, which is common with OA but not for RA. She has a job that is repetitive in nature. Her symptoms get worse with activity/as the day goes on. (If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting evidence.) ◉You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is severe pain in his right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness when he first wakes up, but if he walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot throughout the day. He reports that by the end
◉Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They have had multiple gout attacks in the past. They are currently not experiencing joint pain, but you notice visible tophi over their affected joints. What phase of gout would you place them? Answer: Chronic tophaceous gout (phase 4) ◉A 9-year-old boy with a peanut allergy was exposed to peanuts. He presents to the emergency room with an anaphylactic reaction. (1) What symptoms might he present with? (2) Does the quantity of exposure mean he will have a more severe reaction? (3) What is the initial immediate treatment? (4) What are 2 things people with anaphylaxis should always carry? Answer: (1) Any of the following reactions are accepted. Grade I: erythema and urticaria, with or without angioedema Grade II: hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, and GI manifestations, like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping from mucosal edema Grade III: bronchospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac collapse. Grade IV: cardiac arrest (2) No
(3) Epinephrine (4) Identification about allergy, EpiPen ◉A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring when the pollen count is high. (1) Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms. (2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her symptoms? Answer: (1) Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play an important role with type I reactions because they contain histamines. Primary response is vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction. Late-phase response is more intense with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells, as well as tissue damage. (2) Antihistamines. ◉Which of the following is/are characteristic of normal tissue function, renewal and repair? Select all that apply. Answer: Hypertrophy Apoptosis ◉Which of the following is/are characteristic of neoplasia? Select all that apply. Answer: Unregulated growth
◉Which of the following is NOT true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? Answer: Dietary deficiencies are common ◉What is true of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? Answer: Dietary deficiencies aren't common Peripheral neuropathy can be a result of it B12 is bound to intrinsic factor ◉Your patient has recently been diagnosed with GERD. They have been prescribed a PPI for treatment. List one behavioral modification they could adopt and one food or drink they could eliminate from their diet to prevent worsening of symptoms. Answer: Foods - coffee/caffeine, chocolate, mints, citrus fruits, acidic/spicy foods, or fats. Behavior modifications - Avoid positions that increase reflux, like lying down immediately after eating or bending. Avoiding large meals close to bedtime and sleeping with the head elevated may help to prevent reflux at night. Weight loss is recommended if needed. ◉Your patient has recently been diagnosed with GERD. They have been prescribed a PPI for treatment. List TWO beverages and/or foods they should limit or eliminate from their diet to prevent
worsening of symptoms. Answer: Any of the following are correct answers: coffee/caffeine, chocolate, mints, citrus fruits, acidic/spicy foods, or fats. ◉Your patient has recently been diagnosed with GERD. They have been prescribed a PPI for treatment. List TWO behavioral modifications they could adopt to prevent worsening of symptoms. Answer: Any of the following are correct answers: Avoid positions that increase reflux, like lying down immediately after eating or bending. Avoiding large meals close to bedtime and sleeping with the head elevated may help to prevent reflux at night. Weight loss is recommended if needed. ◉Each of the following are risk factors for secondary hyperlipidemia except? Answer: Autosomal dominant disorder of LDL receptor YES --> obesity, DM, high cholesterol diet ◉Explain the diagnostic criteria required for an autoimmune disease to be concluded. Answer: In order for an autoimmune disorder to be concluded, the following criteria must be met: evidence of an autoimmune reaction, the immunologic findings are not secondary to another condition, and no other identifiable causes are found.
◉A patient experiences a seizure that manifests with repetitive hand rubbing and reports of hallucinations right before the seizure occurred. They have experienced which type of seizure? Answer: Focal seizure with impairment of consciousness or awareness ◉Patient is found to have the above:
- What risk factors mostly led to this disease state?
- What is this person at risk for developing?
- What lifestyle modifications would you suggest for them? Answer: Picture is of an atherosclerotic plaque
- Hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, obesity and visceral fat, hypertension, diabetes mellitus. Increasing age, family history of premature CHD, and male sex. May also include C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum lipoprotein (a)
- Coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarction, aneurysm, stroke (ischemia, thrombosis, emboli).
- Stop smoking, lose weight/exercise, healthy diet (low-fat, low- cholesterol), adhere to medication for blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and/or diabetes. ◉An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the increase in size of the cells that comprise it is called: Answer: Hypertrophy
◉A decrease in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in the mass of pre-existing cells is called: Answer: Atrophy ◉A patient is experiencing a severe reduction in GFR, and their GFR is 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2. What stage of kidney disease are they in? Answer: 4 ◉A patient is experiencing kidney damage with a mild decrease in GFR, and their GFR is 60-89 mL/min/1.73m². What stage of kidney disease are they in? Answer: 2 ◉Steve is a 55-year-old male who has atherosclerosis. Steve smokes 2 packs of cigarettes per day, and his lipid panel reveals that he has elevated LDL and low HDL levels. List one thing Steve can do to slow the progression of atherosclerosis or mitigate its effects. Answer: He could stop smoking and change his diet to decrease his LDL and increase his HDL levels. ◉Steve is a 55-year-old male who has atherosclerosis. Steve is obese, smokes 2 packs of cigarettes per day, and coronary artery disease runs in his family. Steve can make several lifestyle changes to mitigate the effects of atherosclerosis; however, there are things he cannot control. Name one of them. Answer: Steve is an older male, and CAD runs in his family.
◉The flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs is called: Answer: Ventilation ◉The flow of blood in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries is called: Answer: Perfusion ◉The transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries is called: Answer: Diffusion ◉____ is the transfer of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Answer: Diffusion ◉______ is the flow of gases into and out of the alveoli of the lungs. Answer: Ventilation ◉True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Apoptosis sets off an inflammatory immune response. Answer: False, Necrosis sets off an inflammatory immune response. ◉Each of the following is true of apoptosis except: Answer: It sets off an inflammatory immune response ◉Each of the following can lead to atelectasis except: Answer: Thrombus
◉Each of the following is true of necrosis except: Answer: It is also referred to as programmed cell death ◉Someone with COPD would exhibit each of the following: Answer: Increased D-dimer levels ◉True or False. If false, explain why it is false. There are no specific tests for diagnosing Parkinson's Disease. Answer: True ◉True or False. If false, explain why it is false. A physician considers Parkinson's Disease as a diagnosis when 4/ hallmark symptoms are present over time. Answer: False, A physician considers Parkinson's Disease as a diagnosis when 2/ hallmark symptoms are present over time. ◉True or False. If false, explain why it is false. A DAT scan is necessary for a diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease to be made. Answer: False, while a DAT scan confirms a diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease, it is not necessary, as a diagnosis is driven by clinical symptoms.
doesn't really help her nasal congestion. Given the patient's past medical history and presentation, what is your initial diagnosis? What about her current presentation leads you to this conclusion? Answer: Allergic rhinitis. Sneezing and congestion that present when pollen counts are high leads us to this conclusion. ◉Leah is a 25 y/o female who complains of a stuffy nose and sneezing every Spring and Fall. Benadryl makes her sleepy, and it doesn't really help her nasal congestion. You believe Leah is suffering from a simple case of allergic rhinitis. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning. Answer: 2nd generation antihistamine (non-drowsy) and intranasal steroid for symptom management. Intranasal is sprayed into the nostrils to produce a local effect directly inside the nose. This will help relieve congestion in your nose. 2nd generation antihistamine (non-drowsy) and intranasal steroid for symptom management. ◉Eva, a 53 y/o female, has a chief complaint of constipation after starting on a calcium supplement for osteopenia. If constipation occurs as a change from a person's normal bowel habits, and no new meds have been started, what should you suspect? Answer: Colorectal cancer ◉Jake is a 12 y/o male, who is brought in by his mom. He complains of coughing fits when he plays sports and has to catch his breath a
lot. He also feels "tight" with breathing when he's around cats and dogs. His mom is also allergic to certain animals. Given the patient's presentation, what is your initial diagnosis? Answer: Asthma ◉If constipation occurs as a change from a person's normal bowel habits, and no new meds have been started, what should you suspect? Answer: Colorectal cancer ◉Jake is a 12 y/o male, who is brought in by his mom. He complains of coughing fits when he plays sports and has to catch his breath a lot. He also feels "tight" with breathing when he's around cats and dogs. His mom is also allergic to certain animals. You suspect Jake is asthmatic. What about his current presentation leads you to this conclusion? Answer: Exercise-induced and/or allergic asthma; coughing and chest tightness ◉T/F - Make true if False Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the PNS. Answer: False, Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the CNS ◉T/F - Make true if False Astrocytes help to form the blood-brain barrier which prevents toxins from the blood from entering the brain. Answer: True
early stages of Alzheimer's disease, individuals are still independent with their ADLs ◉A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. Given the patient's past medical history and presentation, what is your initial diagnosis? Answer: Stroke or CVA ◉A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his spouse at 8 pm. The spouse reports that they were cleaning up after dinner at approximately 6:30 pm, and she noticed that her husband's speech was very unclear. When she asked him what was going on, he said that he didn't know and that the entire right side of his face felt numb. She reports that he is very active, but he has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation. What do you suspect this patient is experiencing? Specifically, categorize the disease process based upon his past medical history and his current presentation and explain how you arrived at this specific diagnosis. Answer: He is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A past medical history of atrial fibrillation puts him at an increased risk for clots.
◉A 75-year-old male is brought to the emergency department via ambulance at 5 pm. The patient's spouse reports that when they woke up (approximately at 6 am) he reported to her that he was having some blurred vision but decided to go about his day. As the day progressed, he started experiencing tingling and feelings of weakness on the entire left side of his body. He has a past medical history of diabetes. Based upon these symptoms and past medical history, what do you suspect this patient is experiencing? How would you confirm this diagnosis? What treatment should be administered? Explain why you chose that treatment. Answer: This patient is more than likely experiencing an ischemic stroke. A CT scan and MRI would be needed to determine if a clot was blocking blood flow to the brain tissue and to rule out a hemorrhagic stroke. If a clot is found, this patient would need to be re-perfused through catheter-base methods (to break the clot), as they are outside of the 3 - 4.5 treatment window for the use of tPA drugs. ◉Sydney, an 18 y/o female, presents with constipation, fatigue, and dry skin. Her menstrual periods have gotten heavier, and she has gained 15 lbs since her last visit. Given the patient's past medical history and presentation, what disease is on your differential diagnosis list? Answer: Hypothyroidism ◉Risk factors for gallstone formation include each of the following EXCEPT: Answer: Male gender
