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BIOD331 |Pathophysiology |Final |Exam |with |
verified |answers
Taking |your |child |to |the |pediatrician |for |their |annual |well |check-up |and |keeping |up | with |the |recommended |vaccination |schedule |would |be |an |example |of: |- |✔✔Primary | prevention You |are |seeing |a |patient |in |your |clinic |who |recently |suffered |a |TIA. |Recent |diagnostic |tests |revealed |that |he |has |atrial |fibrillation. |You |decide |to |put |him |on |a |blood |thinner |to |prevent |a |future |neurologic |event. |This |would |be |an |example |of: |- |✔✔Tertiary | prevention James |is |being |seen |for |his |first |colonoscopy. |He |turned | 50 |this |year, |and |his |father | recently |passed |away |from |colon |cancer |at |age |85. |This |would |be |an |example |of: |- | ✔✔Secondary |prevention True/False: |Metaplastic |cells |are |not |better |prepared |to |survive |under |stressful | circumstances |- |✔✔False Fill |in |the |blank: |________ |propel |chyme |along |the |small |intestine |toward |the |large | intestine |in |one |direction. |- |✔✔Peristaltic |movements Fill |in |the |blank: |___________ |occlude |small |portions |of |the |intestinal |lumen |to |push | digestive |contents |forward |and |backward |- |✔✔Segmentation |Waves True |or |False: |Peristaltic |movements |occur |in |two |directions. |- |✔✔False, |one | direction True/False: |Hypertrophy |can |occur |under |normal |and |pathological |conditions. |- | ✔✔True
You |are |reading |results |from |a |recent |blood |panel |for |Fred, |a |76-year-old |male. |His | hemoglobin |levels |are |15.5 |g/dL. |Would |this |be |considered |a |normal |or |abnormal | value? |- |✔✔Normal You |are |reading |results |from |a |recent |blood |panel |for |Susan, |a |48-year-old |female. | Her |hemoglobin |levels |are | 7 |g/dL. |Would |this |be |considered |a |normal |or |abnormal | value? |- |✔✔Abnormal. |Normal |Hemoglobin |levels |for |a |female |is |12-15 |g/dL You |are |reading |results |from |a |recent |blood |panel |for |Jane, |a |37-year-old |female. |Her |hemoglobin |levels |are | 13 |g/dL. |Would |this |be |considered |a |normal |or |abnormal | value? |- |✔✔Normal Which |are |true |of |the |mitochondria? |Select |all |that |apply. |- |✔✔It |is |involved |in | cellular |respiration They |play |a |role |in |apoptosis Which |is |NOT |true |of |the |cytoskeleton? |- |✔✔It |includes |peroxisomes |and | proteasomes Which |of |the |following |is |an |active |form |of |Vitamin |D? |- |✔✔25-hydroxycholecalciferol Which |of |the |following |is |an |inactive |form |of |Vitamin |D? |- |✔✔Cholecalciferol Which |of |the |following |is |synthesized |in |the |kidney |and |regulates |the |differentiation | of |red |blood |cells |within |bone |marrow? |- |✔✔Erythropoietin Which |are |true |of |the |cell |membrane? |Select |all |that |apply. |- |✔✔Controls |the | transport |of |materials |from |the |outside |fluids |to |within Helps |with |the |conduction |of |electrical |currents |in |nerve |and |muscle |cells Aids |in |the |regulation |of |cell |growth |and |proliferation True |or |False. |If |false, |explain |why |the |statement |is |false. |
You |are |talking |to |your |patient |who |has |been |recently |diagnosed |with |Osteoporosis. | They |mention |to |you |that |they |are |doing |safe, |weight |bearing |exercises |each |day |to | increase |bone |density. |They |are |also |taking |a |Calcium |supplement. |What |additional | supplement |would |you |recommend |they |take? |Explain |why. |- |✔✔They |should |also | take |a |Vitamin |D |supplement, |as |it |helps |to |increase |calcium |absorption. You |are |talking |to |your |patient |who |has |been |recently |diagnosed |with Osteoporosis. |You |have |suggested |that |they |start |taking |Calcium |and |Vitamin |D | daily. |What |else |can |you |recommend |to |slow |the |progression |of |this |disease? |- | ✔✔You |should |recommend |regular |weight-bearing |exercises |to |increase |bone | density. |This |should |be |done |in |a |safe |manner |minimizing |the |risk |for |falls. (The |key |is |safety. |Weight-bearing |exercises |done |safely |is |the |best |answer, |but | exercise |done |in |a |way |that |minimizes |risk |of |fractures |is |the |key. |Exercises |done | safely |as |an |answer |should |receive |full |credit.) True/False: |Cell |proliferation |is |the |process |in |which |proliferating |cells |become |more | specialized |cell |types. |- |✔✔False, |cell |differentiation True/False: |Cell |differentiation |is |the |process |of |increasing |cell |numbers |by |mitotic | cell |division. |- |✔✔False, |cell |proliferation You |are |working |in |the |Emergency |Department, |and |a |17-year-old |male |who |is |6'2" | is |brought |in |via |ambulance |with |complaints |of |chest |pain |on |the |left |side |and | difficulty |breathing. |His |parents |report |that |he |was |playing |basketball |in |their | driveway |and |suddenly |collapsed |with |complaints |of |the |above |symptoms. |You |order |a |CT |scan |of |his |chest |and |determine |that |he |has |experienced |a |large, |spontaneous | pneumothorax |in |his |left |lung. |Describe |the |treatment |required |for |this |condition. |- | ✔✔In |a |large |pneumothorax, |the |air |must |be |removed |by |needle |aspiration |or |a | closed |drainage |system |with |or |without |suction. You |are |evaluating |a |patient |in |the |Emergency |Department |who |was |brought |in |by | ambulance |after |being |involved |in |a |serious |motor |vehicle |accident. |Their |respiratory |rate |is |increased; |they |are |experiencing |difficulty |breathing, |and |breath |sounds |in | their |right |lung |are |diminished. |You |order |a |CT |scan |and |determine |that |they |are | experiencing |a |pneumothorax |of |their |right |lung. |Pulse |oximetry |and |arterial |blood | gases |reveal |that |blood |oxygenation |is |outside |of |normal |limits. |Describe |the |
treatment |required |to |reverse |this |condition. |- |✔✔Emergency |treatment |of |a |tension | pneumothorax |requires |the |immediate |insertion |of |a |large- |bore |needle |or |chest | tube |into |the |affected |side, |along |with |one-way |valve |drainage |or |continuous |chest | suction |to |aid |in |re-inflating |the |affected |lung. What |are |two |important |properties |that |stem |cells |possess? |- |✔✔Potency |and |Self- renewal True |or |False. |If |false, |explain |why |it |is |false. Humoral |immunity |is |a |form |of |innate |immunity |- |✔✔False, |humoral |immunity |is |a | form |of |adaptive |immunity. True/False: |The |innate |immune |response |takes |time |to |acquire |and |is |developed | over |multiple |exposures |to |foreign |organisms. |- |✔✔False, |the |adaptive |immune | response |takes |time |to |acquire |and |is |developed |over |multiple |exposures |to |foreign | organisms. OR |The |innate |immune |response |is |immediate |in |nature. True |or |False. |If |false, |explain |why |it |is |false. An |initial |immune |response |that |is |generalized |(non-specific) |and |unable |to | distinguish |between |various |foreign |agents |is |characteristic |of |adaptive |immunity. |- | ✔✔False. |An |initial |immune |response |that |is |generalized |(non-specific) |and |unable |to |distinguish |between |various |foreign |agents |is |characteristic |of |innate |immunity. OR Adaptive |immunity |serves |not |only |to |distinguish |self |from |non-self |but |to |recognize | and |destroy |specific |foreign |agents |based |on |their |different |antigenic |properties. This |type |of |cell |remains |incompletely |differentiated |throughout |life: |- |✔✔Stem |cell These |are |cells |of |the |same |lineage |that |have |not |yet |differentiated |to |the |extent | that |they |have |lost |their |ability |to |divide. |- |✔✔Progenitor |or |parent |cells Which |of |the |following |are |most |likely |to |have |arisen |from |an |adult |stem |cell? |- | ✔✔Epithelial
Explain |the |challenges |of |diagnosing |autoimmune |disorders |- |✔✔There |are |over | 80 | identified, |many |with |overlapping |presentations. |Many |manifestations |are | nonspecific |and |are |seen |in |other |non-autoimmune |diseases. |Blood |testing |isn't | perfect |either, |as |some |tests |are |more |generic |and |can |be |elevated |in |the |presence | of |other |diseases. You |recently |diagnosed |your |patient |with |Narcolepsy. |You |prescribed |a |low |dose |of | Adderall |to |treat |his |daytime |sleepiness. |What |are |TWO |behavior |modifications |he | should |make |to |control/prevent |his |symptoms? |- |✔✔He |should |practice |proper |sleep | hygiene, |avoid |sleep |deprivation, |and |practice |safety |during |high-risk |activities, |e.g. | driving. |He |should |take |several |short |naps |per |day |(approximately | 15 |minutes |in | length) |to |help |ease |the |symptom |of |daytime |sleepiness. Your |friend |is |suffering |from |adjustment |insomnia. |She |just |started |a |new |job |and |is | anxious |about |her |new |responsibilities. |What |are |TWO |behavior |modifications |she | can |make |to |prevent |sleep |disturbances? |- |✔✔Treatment |and |prevention |for |any | type |of |insomnia |must |begin |with |patient |education |to |promote |good |sleep |hygiene | (sleep |habits.) |This |involves |the |establishment |of |consistent |sleep |patterns |(going |to | bed |at |the |same |time |each |night |and |only |sleeping |as |long |as |one |needs |to |feel | refreshed |during |the |day), |creating |a |comfortable |sleeping |environment |(optimal | room |temperature), |avoidance |of |screens |and |excessive |light |right |before |bed, |and | finally, |avoidance |of |stimulants |(caffeine) |several |hours |prior |to |normal |bedtime. Your |patient |has |been |suffering |from |chronic |insomnia |for |the |past | 6 |months. |You | have |prescribed |her |Ambien |as |a |sedative, |but |what |are |TWO |additional |behavior | modifications |she |can |make |to |prevent |sleep |disturbances? |- |✔✔Treatment |and | prevention |for |any |type |of |insomnia |must |begin |with |patient |education |to |promote | good |sleep |hygiene |(sleep |habits.) |This |involves |the |establishment |of |consistent | sleep |patterns |(going |to |bed |at |the |same |time |each |night |and |only |sleeping |as |long | as |one |needs |to |feel |refreshed |during |the |day),creating |a |comfortable |sleeping | environment |(optimal |room |temperature), |avoidance |of |screens |and |excessive |light | right |before |bed, |and |finally, |avoidance |of |stimulants |(caffeine) |several |hours |prior |to |normal |bedtime. True/False: |The |T |cells |that |display |the |host's |MHC |antigens |and |T-cell |receptors |for |a |nonself-antigen |are |allowed |to |mature, |a |process |termed |negative |selection. |- | ✔✔False
You |are |seeing |Jenny, |a |25-year-old |female |in |your |office |whose |chief |complaint |is | debilitating |pain |in |the |MCP |joints |of |both |hands. |Jenny |reports |general |feelings |of | fatigue, |and |you |notice |nodules |over |her |MCP |joints. |She |states |that |she |experiences |stiffness |in |her |hands |in |the |morning |that |lasts |well |over |an |hour. |However, |as |she | gets |moving, |this |seems |to |subside. |Would |you |suspect |that |Jenny |has |OA |or |RA? |List |TWO |pieces |of |evidence |that |support |your |diagnosis. |- |✔✔Jenny |more |than |likely |has |RA. |She |is |young. |She |has |a |bilateral |presentation. |Her |MCP |joints |are |affected, | which |is |most |common |with |RA. |She |is |exhibiting |systemic |symptoms |of |fatigue. |She | has |prolonged |morning |stiffness |in |her |joints, |but |this |is |alleviated |with |movement. You |are |seeing |Lynn, |a |40-year-old |female |in |your |office |whose |chief |complaint |is | severe |pain |in |the |DIP |joints |of |both |of |her |hands. |She |is |a |medical |transcriptionist | and |types |all |day |long. |She |reports |that |her |pain |gets |worse |as |the |day |goes |on. | Would |you |suspect |that |Lynn |has |OA |or |RA? |List |TWO |pieces |of |evidence |that | support |your |diagnosis. |- |✔✔Lynn |more |than |likely |has |OA. |Her |age |of |onset |is | between | 30 |and |60. |Her |DIP |joints |are |affected, |which |is |common |with |OA |but |not |for |RA. |She |has |a |job |that |is |repetitive |in |nature. |Her |symptoms |get |worse |with | activity/as |the |day |goes |on. (If |the |correct |diagnosis |is |identified, | 3 |points |should |be |awarded. |Full |credit |should | be |given |if |the |correct |diagnosis |is |made |with |two |pieces |of |supporting |evidence.) You |are |seeing |Tom, |a |65-year-old |male |in |your |office |whose |chief |complaint |is | severe |pain |in |his |right |knee. |Tom |reports |that |he |experiences |some |stiffness |when | he |first |wakes |up, |but |if |he |walks |around |for |a |little |bit, |the |stiffness |goes |away. |Tom | likes |to |be |active |and |is |on |his |feet |a |lot |throughout |the |day. |He |reports |that |by |the | end |of |the |day |he |has |to |take |a |Tylenol |because |he |cannot |tolerate |the |pain. |Would | you |suspect |that |Tom |has |OA |or |RA? |List |TWO |pieces |ofevidence |that |support |your | diagnosis. |- |✔✔Tom |more |than |likely |has |OA. |His |age |of |onset |is |higher. |He |has | unilateral |presentation. |His |stiffness |in |the |morning |is |relieved |quickly |by |moving | around. |His |pain |worsens |the |longer |he |is |on |his |feet. (If |the |correct |diagnosis |is |identified, | 3 |points |should |be |awarded. |Full |credit |should | be |given |if |the |correct |diagnosis |is |made |with |two |pieces |of |supporting |evidence.) Which |lab |value |will |typically |be |increased |in |a |viral |infection? |- |✔✔Lymphocytes Which |cell |in |the |blood |provides |primary |hemostasis? |- |✔✔Platelets
(2) |What |type(s) |of |treatment |might |be |used |to |relieve |her |symptoms? |- |✔✔(1) |Mast | cells, |basophils, |and |eosinophils |play |an |important |role |with |type |I |reactions |because |they |contain |histamines. |Primary |response |is |vasodilation, |vascular |leakage, |and | smooth |muscle |contraction. |Late-phase |response |is |more |intense |with |eosinophils | and |other |acute |and |chronic |inflammatory |cells, |as |well |as |tissue |damage. |(2) | Antihistamines. Which |of |the |following |is/are |characteristic |of |normal |tissue |function, |renewal |and | repair? |Select |all |that |apply. |- |✔✔Hypertrophy Apoptosis Which |of |the |following |is/are |characteristic |of |neoplasia? |Select |all |that |apply. |- | ✔✔Unregulated |growth An |abnormal |cellular |growth, |resulting |in |cells |that |vary |in |size, |shape, |and | organization |is |called: |- |✔✔Dysplasia True/False: |Proliferation, |differentiation, |and |apoptosis |are |essential |for |neoplasia. |- | ✔✔False, |proliferation, |differentiation, |and |apoptosis |are |essential |for |normal |tissue | renewal |and |repair A |23-year-old |African-American |man |with |a |history |of |severe |lifelong |anemia | requiring |many |transfusions |has |nonhealing |leg |ulcers |and |recurrent |periods |of | abdominal |and |chest |pain. |These |signs |and |symptoms |are |most |likely |to |be | associated |with |which |one |of |the |following |laboratory |abnormalities? |- |✔✔Sickle |cells |on |peripheral |blood |smear An |LDL |cholesterol |reading |of | 90 |would |be |considered: |- |✔✔Optimal A |triglyceride |reading |of | 175 |would |be |considered: |- |✔✔Borderline |high The |patient |is |found |to |be |a |severely |malnourished |alcoholic. |The |most |likely |cause | of |his |anemia |is: |- |✔✔Folate |deficiency Which |of |the |following |is |NOT |true |of |vitamin |B12 |deficiency |anemia? |- |✔✔MCV |is | decreased
Which |of |the |following |is |NOT |true |of |vitamin |B12 |deficiency |anemia? |- |✔✔Dietary | deficiencies |are |common What |is |true |of |vitamin |B12 |deficiency |anemia? |- |✔✔Dietary |deficiencies |aren't | common Peripheral |neuropathy |can |be |a |result |of |it B12 |is |bound |to |intrinsic |factor Your |patient |has |recently |been |diagnosed |with |GERD. |They |have |been |prescribed |a | PPI |for |treatment. |List |one |behavioral |modification |they |could |adopt |and |one |food |or | drink |they |could |eliminate |from |their |diet |to |prevent |worsening |of |symptoms. |- | ✔✔Foods |- |coffee/caffeine, |chocolate, |mints, |citrus |fruits, |acidic/spicy |foods, |or |fats. Behavior |modifications |- |Avoid |positions |that |increase |reflux, |like |lying |down | immediately |after |eating |or |bending. |Avoiding |large |meals |close |to |bedtime |and | sleeping |with |the |head |elevated |may |help |to |prevent |reflux |at |night. |Weight |loss |is | recommended |if |needed. Your |patient |has |recently |been |diagnosed |with |GERD. |They |have |been |prescribed |a | PPI |for |treatment. |List |TWO |beverages |and/or |foods |they |should |limit |or |eliminate | from |their |diet |to |prevent |worsening |of |symptoms. |- |✔✔Any |of |the |following |are | correct |answers: |coffee/caffeine, |chocolate, |mints, |citrus |fruits, |acidic/spicy |foods, |or |fats. Your |patient |has |recently |been |diagnosed |with |GERD. |They |have |been |prescribed |a | PPI |for |treatment. |List |TWO |behavioral |modifications |they |could |adopt |to |prevent | worsening |of |symptoms. |- |✔✔Any |of |the |following |are |correct |answers: |Avoid | positions |that |increase |reflux, |like |lying |down |immediately |after |eating |or |bending. | Avoiding |large |meals |close |to |bedtime |and |sleeping |with |the |head |elevated |may |help |to |prevent |reflux |at |night. |Weight |loss |is |recommended |if |needed. Each |of |the |following |are |risk |factors |for |secondary |hyperlipidemia |except? |- | ✔✔Autosomal |dominant |disorder |of |LDL |receptor YES |--> |obesity, |DM, |high |cholesterol |diet
- |What |risk |factors |mostly |led |to |this |disease |state?
- |What |is |this |person |at |risk |for |developing?
- |What |lifestyle |modifications |would |you |suggest |for |them? |- |✔✔Picture |is |of |an | atherosclerotic |plaque
- |Hyperlipidemia, |cigarette |smoking, |obesity |and |visceral |fat, |hypertension, | diabetes |mellitus. |Increasing |age, |family |history |of |premature |CHD, |and |male |sex. | May |also |include |C-reactive |protein |(CRP) |and |serum |lipoprotein |(a) |
- |Coronary |artery |disease, |angina, |myocardial |infarction, |aneurysm, |stroke | (ischemia, |thrombosis, |emboli). |
- |Stop |smoking, |lose |weight/exercise, |healthy |diet |(low-fat, |low-cholesterol), |adhere |to |medication |for |blood |pressure, |hyperlipidemia, |and/or |diabetes. An |increase |in |the |size |of |an |organ |or |tissue |due |to |the |increase |in |size |of |the |cells | that |comprise |it |is |called: |- |✔✔Hypertrophy A |decrease |in |the |size |of |an |organ |or |tissue |resulting |from |a |decrease |in |the |mass |of | pre-existing |cells |is |called: |- |✔✔Atrophy A |patient |is |experiencing |a |severe |reduction |in |GFR, |and |their |GFR |is |15- |mL/min/1.73m2. |What |stage |of |kidney |disease |are |they |in? |- |✔✔ 4 A |patient |is |experiencing |kidney |damage |with |a |mild |decrease |in |GFR, |and |their |GFR | is |60-89 |mL/min/1.73m². |What |stage |of |kidney |disease |are |they |in? |- |✔✔ 2 Steve |is |a |55-year-old |male |who |has |atherosclerosis. |Steve |smokes | 2 |packs |of | cigarettes |per |day, |and |his |lipid |panel |reveals |that |he |has |elevated |LDL |and |low |HDL | levels. |List |one |thing |Steve |can |do |to |slow |the |progression |of |atherosclerosis |or | mitigate |its |effects. |- |✔✔He |could |stop |smoking |and |change |his |diet |to |decrease |his | LDL |and |increase |his |HDL |levels. Steve |is |a |55-year-old |male |who |has |atherosclerosis. |Steve |is |obese, |smokes | 2 |packs |of |cigarettes |per |day, |and |coronary |artery |disease |runs |in |his |family. |Steve |can | make |several |lifestyle |changes |to |mitigate |the |effects |of |atherosclerosis; |however, | there |are |things |he |cannot |control. |Name |one |of |them. |- |✔✔Steve |is |an |older |male, | and |CAD |runs |in |his |family.
Give |a |specific |example |of |how |our |diet |can |increase |our |risk |for |cancer. |- |✔✔Any |of | the |following |are |acceptable |answers: |While |some |dietary |carcinogens |occur | naturally |in |plants |(aflatoxins), |others |are |used |in |the |preparation |or |preservation |of | food. |For |instance, |when |foods |are |fried |in |fat |that |has |been |reused |multiple |times, | due |to |the |extreme |heat, |benzo[a] |pyrene |(and |other |polycyclic |hydrocarbons) |are | converted |to |carcinogens. |The |polycyclic |aromatic |hydrocarbons |are |among |the | most |potent |and |can |be |found |in |many |common |places. |They |are |produced |from | animal |fat |when |charcoal-broiling |meats, |are |present |in |smoked |meats |and |fish, |and | are |also |present |in |tobacco |smoke. |Nitrosamines |are |formed |in |foods |that |are | smoked, |salted, |cured, |or |pickled |using |nitrites |or |nitrates |as |preservatives. |The | effects |of |nitrosamines, |however, |may |be |reduced |by |antioxidants |such |as |vitamin |C | found |in |fruits |and |vegetables. |Colon |cancer |is |associated |with |high |dietary |fat |and | red |meat |intake |and |low |dietary |fiber |intake, |as |well |as |obesity |and |low |physical | activity. Explain |one |reason |why |obesity |puts |someone |at |increased |risk |for |cancer. |- | ✔✔Obesity |is |associated |with |insulin |resistance |and |increased |production |of | pancreatic |insulin, |both |of |which |can |have |a |carcinogenic |effect. |It |is |associated |with | increased |levels |of |sex |hormones, |androgens, |and |estrogens. |These |stimulate |cell | proliferation, |inhibit |apoptosis, |and |increase |the |chance |of |malignant |cell | transformation, |especially |of |the |endometrial |and |breast |tissue. |Lastly, |obesity |has | been |related |to |chronic |inflammation, |which |can |lead |to |the |development |of | malignancies. The |flow |of |gases |into |and |out |of |the |alveoli |of |the |lungs |is |called: |- |✔✔Ventilation The |flow |of |blood |in |the |adjacent |pulmonary |capillaries |is |called: |- |✔✔Perfusion The |transfer |of |gases |between |the |alveoli |and |the |pulmonary |capillaries |is |called: |- | ✔✔Diffusion ____ |is |the |transfer |of |gases |between |the |alveoli |and |the |pulmonary |capillaries. |- | ✔✔Diffusion ______ |is |the |flow |of |gases |into |and |out |of |the |alveoli |of |the |lungs. |- |✔✔Ventilation True |or |False. |If |false, |explain |why |it |is |false. |
where |they |directly |attack |the |invading |organisms |and |secrete |inflammatory | chemicals |that |are |toxic |to |the |organisms |causes |airway |inflammation. |Swelling |of | the |bronchial |wall, |mucus |secretion, |constriction |of |the |airway; |bronchial |hyper- responsiveness |to |stimuli |causes |airway |obstruction |or |narrowing. |They |may |discuss | on |a |cellular |level |as |well: Upon |a |trigger, |the |cascade |of |neutrophils, |eosinophils, |lymphocytes, |and |mast |cells | cause |epithelial |injury. |This |causes |airway |inflammation, |which |further |increases | hyperresponsiveess |and |decreased |airflow. |Mast |cells |release |histamine |and | leukotrienes. |These |cause |major |bronchoconstriction, |inflammation, |and |mucus | secretion. |Mast |cells |can |trigger |multiple |cytokine |release, |which |causes |more | airway |inflammation. |The |contraction |of |the |airways |and |subsequent |swelling |leads | to |further |airway |obstruction. Leah |is |a | 25 |y/o |female |who |complains |of |a |stuffy |nose |and |sneezing |every |Spring | and |Fall. |Benadryl |makes |her |sleepy, |and |it |doesn't |really |help |her |nasal |congestion. | Given |the |patient's |past |medical |history |and |presentation, |what |is |your |initial | diagnosis? |What |about |her |current |presentation |leads |you |to |this |conclusion? |- | ✔✔Allergic |rhinitis. |Sneezing |and |congestion |that |present |when |pollen |counts |are | high |leads |us |to |this |conclusion. Leah |is |a | 25 |y/o |female |who |complains |of |a |stuffy |nose |and |sneezing |every |Spring | and |Fall. |Benadryl |makes |her |sleepy, |and |it |doesn't |really |help |her |nasal |congestion. | You |believe |Leah |is |suffering |from |a |simple |case |of |allergic |rhinitis. |What |is |the |best | treatment |plan |for |this |patient? |Explain |your |reasoning. |- |✔✔2nd |generation | antihistamine |(non-drowsy) |and |intranasal |steroid |for |symptom |management. Intranasal |is |sprayed |into |the |nostrils |to |produce |a |local |effect |directly |inside |the | nose. |This |will |help |relieve |congestion |in |your |nose. |2nd |generation |antihistamine | (non-drowsy) |and |intranasal |steroid |for |symptom |management. Eva, |a | 53 |y/o |female, |has |a |chief |complaint |of |constipation |after |starting |on |a | calcium |supplement |for |osteopenia. |If |constipation |occurs |as |a |change |from |a | person's |normal |bowel |habits, |and |no |new |meds |have |been |started, |what |should |you |suspect? |- |✔✔Colorectal |cancer Jake |is |a | 12 |y/o |male, |who |is |brought |in |by |his |mom. |He |complains |of |coughing |fits | when |he |plays |sports |and |has |to |catch |his |breath |a |lot. |He |also |feels |"tight" |with | breathing |when |he's |around |cats |and |dogs. |His |mom |is |also |allergic |to |certain | animals. |Given |the |patient's |presentation, |what |is |your |initial |diagnosis? |- |✔✔Asthma
If |constipation |occurs |as |a |change |from |a |person's |normal |bowel |habits, |and |no |new | meds |have |been |started, |what |should |you |suspect? |- |✔✔Colorectal |cancer Jake |is |a | 12 |y/o |male, |who |is |brought |in |by |his |mom. |He |complains |of |coughing |fits | when |he |plays |sports |and |has |to |catch |his |breath |a |lot. |He |also |feels |"tight" |with | breathing |when |he's |around |cats |and |dogs. |His |mom |is |also |allergic |to |certain | animals. |You |suspect |Jake |is |asthmatic. |What |about |his |current |presentation |leads | you |to |this |conclusion? |- |✔✔Exercise-induced |and/or |allergic |asthma; |coughing |and | chest |tightness T/F |- |Make |true |if |False Oligodendrocytes |produce |myelin |in |the |PNS. |- |✔✔False, |Oligodendrocytes |produce | myelin |in |the |CNS T/F |- |Make |true |if |False Astrocytes |help |to |form |the |blood-brain |barrier |which |prevents |toxins |from |the |blood | from |entering |the |brain. |- |✔✔True Chad, |a | 20 |y/o |male, |presents |with |episodes |of |diarrhea |with |mucus |and |rectal | bleeding. |A |colonoscopy |and |biopsy |are |done |to |confirm |ulcerative |colitis. |How |does | this |disease |differ |from |Crohn |disease? |- |✔✔Crohns |disease |has |granulomatous | inflammation, |involvement |primarily |submucosal, |extent |of |involvement- |skip | lesions, Ulcerative- |ulcerative |and |exudative |inflammation, |involvement |primarily |mucosal, | extent |of |involvement- |continuous Jeffrey, |a | 62 |y/o |patient, |presents |with |progressing |shortness |of |breath, |profound | iron |deficiency, |and |is |hemoccult |positive |(blood |in |stool). |What |specialist |would |you | send |him |to |and |why? |- |✔✔An |oncologist |because |you |want |to |rule |out |cancer Partial |credit |can |be |given |for |Gastroenterologist |or |Hematologist |if |they |can |answer | why. |For |example, |pt |needs |a |colonoscopy |or |need |to |find |source |of |bleeding. Jeffrey, |a | 62 |y/o |patient, |is |asking |how |he |can |decrease |his |chance |of |developing | cancer. |List |TWO |recommendations |you |can |give |to |lower |his |chances |of |developing | cancer. |- |✔✔Healthy |weight, |exercise, |diet |low |in |fat, |high |fiber, |increased |fruits |and | vegetables, |decreased |smoked |or |red |meats, |avoid |smoking |and |alcohol
visit. |Given |the |patient's |past |medical |history |and |presentation, |what |disease |is |on | your |differential |diagnosis |list? |- |✔✔Hypothyroidism Risk |factors |for |gallstone |formation |include |each |of |the |following |EXCEPT: |- |✔✔Male | gender Complications |of |gallstones |include |each |of |the |following |except: |- |✔✔Cirrhosis A |patient |presents |to |the |emergency |department |with |complaints |of |sharp |pain |that | comes |in |waves |in |the |upper |lateral |quadrant |of |the |abdomen. |Their |skin |is |clammy, | and |they |have |been |experiencing |nausea |and |vomiting |all |day |long. |They |have |a | history |of |UTIs. |Urinalysis |reveals |that |the |pH |of |their |urine |is |7.8. |Given |the |patient's |past |medical |history |and |presentation, |what |is |your |initial |diagnosis? |- |✔✔Kidney | stones |or |renal |calculi A |patient |presents |to |the |emergency |department |with |complaints |of |sharp |pain |that | comes |in |waves |in |the |upper |lateral |quadrant |of |the |abdomen. |Their |skin |is |clammy, | and |they |have |been |experiencing |nausea |and |vomiting |all |day |long. |They |have |a | history |of |UTIs. |Urinalysis |reveals |that |the |pH |of |their |urine |is |7.8. |You |suspect |that | the |patient |may |have |a |kidney |stone. |What |diagnostic |test |would |you |run |to |confirm | your |diagnosis? |- |✔✔In |addition |to |the |urinalysis |already |run, |a |CT |scan |would |be | needed |to |confirm |your |diagnosis |and |determine |the |size |of |the |stone. A |patient |presents |to |the |emergency |department |with |complaints |of |sharp |pain |that | comes |in |waves |in |the |upper |lateral |quadrant |of |the |abdomen. |Their |skin |is |clammy, | and |they |have |been |experiencing |nausea |and |vomiting |all |day |long. |They |have |a | history |of |UTIs. |Urinalysis |reveals |that |the |pH |of |their |urine |is |7.8. |A |CT |scan |reveals | that |they |have |a |kidney |stone. |What |type |of |kidney |stone |would |suspect |they |have? | What |about |their |current |presentation |leads |you |to |this |conclusion? |- |✔✔The |patient | has |a |magnesium |ammonium |phosphate |stone |given |the |elevated |pH |of |their |urine. | These |types |of |stones |are |the |result |of |a |UTI |caused |by |bacteria |that |contain |urease. A |patient |presents |to |the |emergency |department |with |complaints |of |sharp |pain |that | comes |in |waves |in |the |upper |lateral |quadrant |of |the |abdomen. |Their |skin |is |clammy, | and |they |have |been |experiencing |nausea |and |vomiting |all |day |long. |They |have |a | history |of |UTIS. |Urinalysis |reveals |that |the |pH |of |their |urine |is |7.8. |A |CT |scan |reveals | a |renal |calculi |that |is | 7 |mm |in |diameter. |What |is |the |best |treatment |plan |for |this | patient? |Explain |your |reasoning |for |this |treatment |plan. |- |✔✔It |must |be |removed | through |ureteroscopic |removal |or |extracorporeal |shockwave |lithotripsy, |as |it |is |
greater |than | 5 |mm |in |diameter. |The |patient |should |be |placed |on |antibiotics |to |treat | the |UTI, |as |well |as |medication |for |pain |management. Risk |factors |for |the |development |of |peptic |ulcer |include |each |of |the |following | EXCEPT: |- |✔✔Stress Each |of |the |following |factors |are |associated |with |increased |incidence |of |peptic |ulcer | EXCEPT: |- |✔✔Dietary |history Anne |is |a | 48 |y/o |female |who |presents |with |excessive |vaginal |bleeding |x | 6 |months. | Her |skin |is |pale, |she |reports |feeling |fatigued, |and |often |craves |a |large |cup |of |Sonic | crushed |ice. |A |quick |in-office |H&H |shows |a |hemoglobin |of | 9 |and |hematocrit |of |30%. | Given |the |patient's |past |medical |history |and |presentation, |what |is |your |initial | diagnosis? |- |✔✔Anemia What |are |rhythmic |movements |designed |to |propel |the |chyme |along |the |small | intestine |toward |the |large |intestine? |- |✔✔Peristaltic |movements Which |GI |hormone |has |strong |growth |hormone-releasing |activity |and |stimulates |food |intake |and |digestive |function? |- |✔✔Ghrelin Bill |and |Angela |have |brought |their |mom |into |your |office |today. |They |tell |you |that | their |mom |has |experienced |dementia |for |some |time |now, |but |they |have |not |been | too |concerned |because, |for |the |most |part, |she |has |been |able |to |care |for |herself, |only |needing |assistance |here |and |there |for |her |daily |activities. |However, |recently |things | have |changed. |Her |ability |to |recall |recent |events |has |drastically |decreased; |she |is | experiencing |difficulty |with |sleep; |they've |noticed |some |mood |changes, |and |the | most |alarming |thing |is |that |she |has |started |to |wander |outside |of |her |home. |They |are | concerned |for |her |safety. |Given |the |patient's |presentation, |what |is |your |initial | diagnosis? |- |✔✔Alzheimer's |Disease Bill |and |Angela |have |brought |their |mom |into |your |office |today. |They |tell |you |that | their |mom |has |experienced |dementia |for |some |time |now, |but |they |have |not |been | too |concerned |because, |for |the |most |part, |she |has |been |able |to |care |for |herself, |only |needing |assistance |here |and |there |for |her |daily |activities. |However, |recently |things | have |changed. |Her |ability |to |recall |recent |events |has |drastically |decreased; |she |is | experiencing |difficulty |with |sleep; |they've |noticed |some |mood |changes, |and |the | most |alarming |thing |is |that |she |has |started |to |wander |outside |of |her |home. |They |are |
