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BIOD331 STUDY GUIDE 2026 MASTER
SOLUTION DIGEST
◉What is adaptive immunity? Answer: Adaptive immunity is the second line of defense that includes humoral and cellular immunity, responding to specific antigens. ◉What are antigens? Answer: Antigens are substances on pathogens or foreign materials that trigger an adaptive immune response. ◉What are the primary cells of adaptive immunity? Answer: Lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and effector cells. ◉What do B cells do? Answer: B cells produce antibodies as part of humoral immunity. ◉What do T cells provide? Answer: T cells provide cell-mediated immunity. ◉What is humoral immunity? Answer: Humoral immunity works by B cells producing antibodies.
◉What is cellular immunity? Answer: Cellular immunity is carried out by T lymphocytes, which activate other T and B cells and control viral infections. ◉Who are the master regulators of immunity? Answer: CD4+ helper T cells. ◉What is active immunity? Answer: Active immunity comes from infection or vaccination and takes time to develop but is long-lasting. ◉What is passive immunity? Answer: Passive immunity comes from another source, like mother to baby, providing short-term protection. ◉What is Type I hypersensitivity? Answer: Type I hypersensitivity involves fast reactions caused by IgE antibodies after exposure to an antigen. ◉What cells are involved in Type I reactions? Answer: Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils release histamine, causing symptoms. ◉What is Type II hypersensitivity? Answer: Type II hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated reactions caused by IgG or IgM attacking host cell surfaces.
◉How is autoimmune disease diagnosed? Answer: Diagnosis includes history, physical exam, blood tests, evidence of autoimmunity, and ruling out other causes. ◉What is Graves' disease? Answer: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where antibodies stimulate the thyroid, causing hyperthyroidism, goiter, and eye problems. ◉What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? Answer: SLE is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect many organ systems. ◉What does HIV attack? Answer: HIV attacks CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. ◉How is HIV transmitted? Answer: HIV is spread through sexual contact, blood-to-blood contact, and mother to child. ◉What is seroconversion? Answer: Seroconversion is the point when HIV antibodies become detectable in the blood. ◉What is the window period for HIV? Answer: The window period is the time between HIV infection and seroconversion.
◉What are the phases of HIV? Answer: The latent phase has no symptoms, while the AIDS phase is characterized by a CD4+ count < 200 cells/μL or AIDS-defining illness. ◉What are opportunistic infections? Answer: Opportunistic infections occur only when the immune system is weakened. ◉How is HIV diagnosed? Answer: Diagnosis includes EIA/ELISA for HIV antibodies, Western blot for confirmation, and PCR for detecting HIV DNA in infants. ◉What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? Answer: The cardinal signs are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. ◉What are the phases of acute inflammation? Answer: The phases of acute inflammation are the vascular phase and the cellular phase. ◉What are the steps of the cellular phase in inflammation? Answer: The steps include margination and adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis. ◉What is chronic inflammation? Answer: Chronic inflammation develops from ongoing or low-grade inflammation and involves macrophages and lymphocytes.
