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BIOS242 SCRIPT 2026 FULL SOLVED
CONTENT
◉Eukaryote. Answer: Contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. ◉Flagella. Answer: Used for locomotion or taxis in response to photo or chemical stimuli. The distribution can be mono-, lopho- or amphitrichous in nature. Spirochetes have periplasmic versions, which are coiled around the length of the bacterium. ◉Pili. Answer: External bacterial structure used in conjugation which is the exchange of DNA. ◉Fimbriae. Answer: An external bacterial structure used for attachment. They provide adhesion, but not locomotion, and allow bacteria to stick to each other and surfaces. They may be responsible for the formation of biofilms and pathogenicity in bacteria. ◉S layer. Answer: Single layer of protein used for protection and/or attachment.
◉Capsule. Answer: Compact covering that helps cells hide from the immune system. ◉Slime layer. Answer: Loose covering which helps in the formation of biofilms. ◉Cell envelope. Answer: All bacteria have this structure that surrounds the cell and offers protection against the outside world. The structure is composed of the cell wall and the cell membrane. ◉Cell Wall. Answer: A semi-rigid structure surrounding the cell that provides structure and cellular shape. ◉Cell membrane. Answer: This structure is composed of a lipid bilayer embedded with proteins. Selective permeability allows water and small uncharged molecules to diffuse freely. Special carrier mechanisms exist for the passage of most molecules, energy reactions, nutrient processing, and discharge of wastes. ◉Gram-positive bacteria. Answer: The bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, an inner cell membrane, and special lipids, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid, in their cell walls. These cells appear purple after the Gram staining procedure.
◉Plasmids. Answer: Separate, nonessential, double-stranded circles of DNA. These are in addition to the essential chromosomes. ◉Archaea. Answer: Organisms with cell walls composed of chemicals other than peptidoglycan. These chemicals may be polysaccharides or proteins. Additionally, the ribosomal RNA of these organisms is distinct from that of bacteria. They are not known to cause any disease. ◉Methanogens. Answer: The largest group of archaea that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane gas. ◉Stages of mitosis. Answer: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. ◉Microscopic Fungi. Answer: Eukaryotic organisms that include mold and yeast, which can have yeast or hyphae shapes. ◉Protists. Answer: Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that include protozoa and algae. ◉Helminths. Answer: Multicellular organisms with reproductive, nervous, and muscular systems similar to higher-level eukaryotic organisms.
◉Hermaphrodite. Answer: A term for worms that have both male and female sex organs. ◉Viruses. Answer: Small infectious particles composed of nucleic acids, capsids, and sometimes envelopes that can infect every type of organism. ◉Capsid. Answer: A layer found in all viruses composed of individual proteins called capsomeres, which protects a central core of nucleic acids. ◉Enveloped versus naked virus. Answer: Naked viruses are composed of capsids surrounding nucleic acids, while enveloped viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid and nucleic acid. ◉Viral protein spikes. Answer: Structures composed of glycoproteins that protrude from the viral surface and help the virus attach to the host cell. ◉Prions. Answer: Proteins in brain cells capable of folding into normal (α-helix) and misfolded (β-pleated) structures.
◉Chronic Latent State. Answer: Inactive viruses that are periodically reactivated.
