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BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION . Smallest living cells are : . Boundaries of this kingdom____———_saare not well defined. are believed to be primitive multicellular animals. are believed to be primitive relatives of animals. _____sakingdom forms a link between fungi, plant and animal kingdoms. . Since the dawn of civilisation, classification of living organisms was done -ly. . Earlier classification used scientific criteria to classify organisms. [T/F] . Earlier classification was done on the basis of : 9. _____was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification. 10. Above scientist used to classify plants and animals. 11. Aristotle classified plants into ----[3] 12. Aristotle divided animals into two groups based on___ _. 13. During Linnaeus time, a kingdom classification was developed. 14. Linnaeus proposed the two kingdoms named and 15. This system did not distinguish between ----[3] 16. Examples of where the two-kingdom classification failed to distinguish above: 17. Two-kingdom classification was easily done and was easy to 18. What was one disadvantage of two-kingdom classification? 19. Characteristics such as --[6]-- were later considered important for classification. 20. Classification systems for the living organisms have remained same over the time. [T/F] 21. and remained constant under all kingdoms. 22. Two things that changed about classification over the time ----[2] 23. R. H. Whittaker in 1969 proposed 24. The kingdoms defined by him were named ----[5] 25. The main criteria for classification used by him include ----[5] ONOAOARWN 3 26. Cell wall composition in Monera, Fungi and Plantae: 27. Body organisation of all five Whittaker kingdoms: 28. has also been proposed that divides the Kingdom Monera into two domains, leaving the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain. 29. The character that unified bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and the angiosperms under ‘Plants’ was : 30. All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under ___ and the unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in 31. Kingdom Protista has brought together ; (earlier placed in Algae within Plants and both having cell walls) with , (which were earlier placed in the animal kingdom and lacked a cell wall). 32. Above changes happened because has been changed. 33. Changes like above will take place in the future too depending on: 34 35 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47 48. 49. 50 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. . Over time, an attempt has been made to evolve a classification system which reflects not only the morphological, physiological and reproductive similarities, but is also . Bacteria are the sole members of the : Bacteria are the most abundant micro-organisms. [T/F] Bacteria occur (habitat). bacteria are present in a handful of soil. Bacteria live in extreme habitats where very few other life forms can survive. [T/F] Many of them live in or on other organisms as ___ _ Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their Above mentioned four categories of bacteria are: The bacterial structure is ___, but their behaviour is __ Compared to many other organisms, bacteria as a group show Bacteria are exclusively heterotrophs. [T/F] Names of bacteria that live in some of most harsh habitats such as salty areas ( ), hot springs ( ) and marshy areas ( ). . Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in structure. feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions. _ are present in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes. . Methanogens are responsible for the production of from dung of these animals. Eubacteria are also called __ _. They are characterised by the presence of a rigid , and if motile, a . Cyanobacteria have similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs. Habitat of cyanobacteria can be ----[2] Aquatic cyanobacteria are found only in marine water. [T/F] The colonies of cyanobacteria are generally surrounded by They often form in polluted water bodies. Some of these organisms can fix in specialised cells called heterocysts. Examples of bacteria that fix nitrogen in heterocyst: ----[2] Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise various [Organic/Inorganic] substances such as --[3]-- and use the released energy for their production. (mode of nutrition) bacteria play a great role in recycling. Substances recycled by bacteria are ----[4] (mode of nutrition) bacteria are most abundant in nature. The majority of heterotrophic bacteria are important ___ _. They are helpful in making from milk, production of Pathogenic bacteria can cause dmg only to plants and animals but not humans. [T/F] Well known diseases caused by different bacteria are ----[4] Bacteria reproduce mainly by Under unfavourable conditions bacteria reproduce by Bacteria also reproduce by a sort of sexual reproduction by adopting _ are organisms of kingdom Monera that completely lack a cell wall. 111. They move and capture their prey by putting out , e.g. 112. [Fresh water/marine] forms have silica shells on their surface. 113. Some of amoeboid protozoans such as are parasites. 114. Parasitic flagellated protozoans cause diseases such as ____. Example: 115. Ciliated protozoans: These are (habitat), actively moving organisms because of the presence of 116. They have acavity(____) that opens to the of the cell surface. 117. The coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes: 118. Example of ciliated protozoan: : 119. Sporozoans: These organisms have ___ stage in their life cycle. 120. The most notorious example is which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering effect on humans. 121. The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of (mode of nutrition) organisms. 122. Fungi show a great diversity in and 123. Fungus on bread is : 124. The we eat are also fungi. 125. White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a 126. Unicellular fungi, e.g., ; its scientific name is 127. causes wheat rust. 128. Some are the source of antibiotics, e.g., _ 129. Fungi are and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants. 130. Fungi prefer to growin and places. 131. With the exception of which are unicellular, fungi are filamentous. 132. Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called 133. is known as mycelium. 134. Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm — : 135. Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb [organic/inorganic] from dead substrates and hence are called 136. Those that depend on living plants and animals are called 137. They also live in association with algae as 138. Which type of association is seen in fungi with algae? 139. Fungal association with roots of higher plants is : 140. Reproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative means like ----[3] 141. Asexual reproduction is by spores called ----[3] 142. Sexual reproduction is by spores called ----[3] 143. The various spores are produced in distinct structures called 144. The sexual cycle involves the following three steps: 145. Explain plasmogamy and karyogamy: 146. Meiosis in zygote results in . 147. Plasmogamy can only occur between two motile gametes. [T/F] 148. When a fungus reproduces sexually, two____ sof compatible mating types come together and fuse. 149. In some fungi, the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in : 150. However, in other fungi --[2]--, an intervening __ _ stage occurs; such a condition is called a and the phase is called of fungus. 151. Ploidy of dikaryon phase: 152. Later phases of a dikaryotic fungi: 153. Fungi later form fruiting bodies in which mieosis occurs and forms ____ 154. Basis for the division of the fungi kingdom into various classes ----[3] 155. Members of phycomycetes are found in habitats on decaying wood in moist and damp placesoras____————SOrn' plants. 156. The mycelium is and . 157. Asexual reproduction takes place by (motile) or by (non-motile). 158. These spores are [endo/exogenously] produced in 159. is formed by fusion of two gametes. 160. Gametes can be (morphology) ----[3] 161. Examples of phycomycetes are ----[3] 162. Ascomycetes are commonly known as or rarely unicellular, e.g. 163. Habitat of ascomycetes: 164. Coprophilous means: 165. Mycelium of ascomycetes is and . 166. The asexual spores are produced [endo/exogenously]. 167. Asexual spores are produced on the special mycelium called 168. Conidia on germination produce __ . 169. Sexual spores are called which are produced [endo/exogenously] in sac-like , and are mostly multicellular. e.g. (singular: ). 170. These asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called 171. is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work. 172. Some examples of ascomycetes are , and : 173. Many members of ascomycetes like and are edible and are considered delicacies. 174. Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are , or 175. They grow in living plant bodies as parasites (e.g., and ). 176. The mycelium is and 177. Asexual spores are . 178. Vegetative reproduction by is common. 179. The sex organs are ___, but plasmogamy is brought about by: 180. The resultant structure is which ultimately gives rise to . 181. and take place in the basidium producing basidiospores. 182. The basidiospores are [endo/exogenously] produced on the (pl.: ). 183. The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. Protein coat called made of small subunits called___————————SC«s protects RNA. These capsids are arranged in or geometric forms. Viruses cause diseases like ----[4] ___ (sexual disease) in humans is also caused by a virus. In plants, the symptoms of being affected by virus can be ----[7] In 1971, discovered a new infectious agent that caused disease. Compare the sizes of viroids and viruses: Viroid was found to be a free __ ; it lacked ___ hence the name viroid. The RNA of the viroid was of (weight). In modern medicine, certain infectious diseases were found to be transmitted by an agent consisting of protein, called 228. 229. 230. Arrangement of proteins in porins: Compare the sizes of prions and viruses: The most notable diseases caused by prions are commonly called in cattle and disease in humans. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. BSE and CJD are analogous diseases. [T/F] Algal component in lichens is known as and fungal component as Mode of nutrition of algal and fungal component in lichens: Function of algae and fungi in their symbiotic association: Closeness of association in the case of lichens: Lichens are very good indicators —- they do not growin ___ areas. All members of plantae are autotrophic. [T/F] 
