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UNCC Biology 1100 Test 1 with Complete Solution
_____ are to proteins as _____ are to nucleic acids - ANSWER-amino acids nucleotides _____ is the "good" cholesterol and _____ is the "bad" cholesterol. - ANSWER-LDL HDL _______ is a precursor steroid used to build more complex structures; also found in cell membranes. - ANSWER-cholesterol ________ is a structural polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of arthropods and fungal cell wall. - ANSWER-Chitin __________ is a fatty acid containing no double bonds between carbon atoms in the carbon skeleton; hydrocarbon tail is straight in form. - ANSWER-saturated fatty acid __________ is a fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in the carbon skeleton; hydrocarbon tail is kinked if the double bond is in the cis form. - ANSWER-unsaturated fatty acid __________ is a lipid composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids. A common term for triacylglycerol or triglyceride. - ANSWER-fat __________ is a lipid comprised of a carbon skeleton arranged in four fused rings; cholesterol is an example. - ANSWER-steroid __________ is a lipid made of two fatty acids, one glycerol, and one phosphate group; commonly associated with cell membranes. - ANSWER-phospholipid __________ is a molecule composed of a carboxylic acid and a hydrocarbon chain often sixteen to eighteen carbon atoms long; can be "saturated" or "unsaturated" in form. - ANSWER-fatty acid __________ is an unsaturated fat with a double bond in the hydrocarbon tail that is in the trans conformation; recently associated with health risks. - ANSWER-trans fat __________ is biologically important hydrophobic molecule. - ANSWER-lipid ___________ have a different number of neutrons as compared to other isotopes - ANSWER-Radioactive isotopes ___________ is a lipid obtained in the diet and produced by the liver. - ANSWER- Cholesterol
____________ are formed by joining monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis. - ANSWER-Polysaccharides _____________ are formed by chemically bonding smaller subunits called monomers together. - ANSWER-Polymers A ________ consists of similar cells that carry out a particular function. - ANSWER- Tissue A __________ is a chain of amino acids - ANSWER-Polypeptide A ____________ is something added to water that removes H+ionsfrom a solution or releases OH-. - ANSWER-base A nucleotide is made of which chemical components? - ANSWER-nitrogen-containing base phosphate group sugar A scientist tries to build a eukaryotic cell in her laboratory. She remembers to include most of the organelles, but forgets one. Among other abnormalities, her newly created cell cannot synthesize the enzymes needed to detoxify drugs and poisons. Which organelle is missing? - ANSWER-The Smooth ER A small cell has a large _______ to increase its efficiency - ANSWER-Surface to Area to Volume Ratio A(n) ___________ results when two atoms share __________ in order to have a completed outer shell. - ANSWER-covalent bond electrons All proteins have which 3 protein structures - ANSWER-Primary Secondary Tertiary Amino acids are linked by _______ _______ (a covalent bond formed during dehydration synthesis. - ANSWER-Peptide Bonds An ________ is something added to water that release/increaseH+ions in the solution so there are more H+than OH-. - ANSWER-acid An example of a protein that transport oxygen in red blood cells is ______. - ANSWER- hemoglobin An ionic bond is a type of bond that joins ________. - ANSWER-atoms
Food typically enters the body in __________ form and must be broken down into ___________. - ANSWER-Polymers Monomers For example, two hydrogen _________ will share their electrons and these electrons will spend part of their time in the ________ shell of each atom. - ANSWER-atoms outer How can similarities between organisms as well as diversity be explained? - ANSWER- Evolutionary Theory How do organisms maintain homeostasis? - ANSWER-Hormones Behavioral modification Feedback mechanism How does your body deal with minor exposure to radiation? - ANSWER-It heals itself Ice is ________ dense than water - ANSWER-less If a protein loses its structure can it function? - ANSWER-No If an atom has an electrical charge due to an uneven number of _______ and ________ we call it an ion. - ANSWER-Protons Electrons If an unsaturated fat is _____________ it will result in a trans fat. - ANSWER- Hydrogenated If two simple sugars are bonded together the result is a ____________. - ANSWER- Dissaccharide In _______ bonds, both atoms exert the same pull on shared electrons - ANSWER-non- polar covalent In the human body, pH needs to be kept within a narrow range in order to maintain __________. - ANSWER-homeostasis In water, oxygen shares a bond with two hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is more _______________ than hydrogen, making the bond ___________ with the oxygen being the negative end and the two hydrogens being the positive end. - ANSWER- electronegative polar Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of _________. - ANSWER-neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different weights due to a different number of __________. - ANSWER-Neutrons lactose intolerant is a condition that means someone lacks or has a misshapen ________ that prevents them from being able to break down _______ into its usable ______ form - ANSWER-enzyme lactose monomer List the subatomic particles - ANSWER-Proton + Electron - Neutron (0) Macromolecules are formed by ________ bonds between monomers - ANSWER- Covalent Bonds Mass number is just about equal to the number of __________ plus ___________. - ANSWER-Protons Neutrons Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogren. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Make up all living organisms. Over 5000 examples exist in a single bacterial cell. - ANSWER-Organic Molecules Molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen. Water and table salt. - ANSWER- Inorganic Molecules Name a consequence from ocean acidification. - ANSWER-Bleaches the coral reefs and increases vegetation. Name the differences between a solution, solute, and solvent. - ANSWER-A solution is a liquid mixture (or a compound) in which a solute gets easily dissolved in a solvent. Solute is the smaller component of the solution which gets dissolved in the larger component Nonliving and living matter are composed of ________ that cannot be broken down further. - ANSWER-elements Nucleic acids are made of monomers called _____, each of which contain three parts. - ANSWER-nucleotides Nutrition depends on two cyclical processes. What breaks down the food we eat, and requires enzymes and water? - ANSWER-Hydrolysis
The ________ structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids that determines the final shape and function of the protein. - ANSWER-Primary The ___________ is written below the atomic symbol and reflects the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. - ANSWER-atomic mass The ____________ displays all of the elements, and therefore the atoms, based on their chemical and physical properties. - ANSWER-Periodic Table The atomic theory states that elements are consist of tiny particles called _______. - ANSWER-atoms The energy levels in which electrons orbit around the _______ are also called ___________. - ANSWER-nucleus electron shells The general structure of a fat includes ____________ and __________ - ANSWER- Glycerol and Fatty Acids (hydrocarbons) The loss of a proteins 3-D shape is called ___________. - ANSWER-Denaturation The most important subatomic particle in determining how and if atoms can bond to each other is the _________. - ANSWER-Electrons The protein's ______ structure determines its _____ and is held in place by interactions between R groups that can be ionic bonds, hydrogren bonds, or covalent bonds. - ANSWER-tertiary function The recommended amount of carbohydrates is about ______% of your diet. - ANSWER-58% This is comprised of amino acids. Used for support, metabolic processes, motion, transport, and defense. - ANSWER-Proteins This is comprised of monosaccharides. Used for short-term energy, long-term energy, and structural components in plants. - ANSWER-Carbohydrates This is found in ATP and nucleic acids. - ANSWER-phosphate This is only found in DNA - ANSWER-Thymine This is only found in RNA - ANSWER-Uracil This structure would never be found in an animal cell - ANSWER-Central vacuole
Two monomers linked together by a dehydration synthesis reaction are called __________ and include _____. - ANSWER-disaccharides maltose Variations in the information contained within the DNA of an organism are caused by ___________-. - ANSWER-Mutations Water also exhibits __________, which is the ability to cling to other polar surfaces, because of its polarity. - ANSWER-adhesion Water can also be used as a ________ for many polar nonionic substances. Molecules that are attracted to water are said to be ________. - ANSWER-solvent hydrophilic Water has a high heat ___________, which allows it to absorb heat without greatly changing its temperature, and a high heat of ___________, which prevents it from easily becoming a gas and evaporating into the environment. - ANSWER-capacity vaporization What % of your daily calories should be fats? - ANSWER-30% or less What are interacting populations in a particular area called? - ANSWER-A Community What are Organisms of the same species in a particular area called? - ANSWER-A Population What are polar molecules? - ANSWER-Electrons shared unequally due to one atom having a greater pull What are some examples of Eurkaryotic cells? - ANSWER-People Dogs Flowers What are some examples of Prokaryotic cells? - ANSWER-Strips - Strep Throat Spiral shape - Lyme Disease Dot Shape - E-Coli / Food Poisoning What are the 3 domains of life? - ANSWER-Bacteria Eukarya Archaea What are the four basic types of molecules needed by cells to function? - ANSWER- Lipids Nucleic Acid Carbohydrates Proteins
What characteristic of life involves metabolism? - ANSWER- What does a statin do? - ANSWER-Lowers cholesterol levels by slowing the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver What domains of life are Prokaryotic? - ANSWER-Bacteria Archaea What effects protein structure? - ANSWER-pH Salt Concentration Temperature Chemicals What element is not found in the structure of all macromolecules? CHON - ANSWER-N What fat is considered to be best for you? - ANSWER-Polyunsaturated fat What happens when a polar and non polar molecule are near each other? - ANSWER- They repel each other What includes RNA and DNA. Comprised of nucleotides. Used to store genetic information within cells. - ANSWER-nucleic acids What is a community plus the physical environment called? - ANSWER-An Ecosystem What is a consequence of not maintaining homeostasis? - ANSWER-Disease or Death What is a function of RNA - ANSWER-Regulate protein sythesis Regulate gene expression What is a membrane bound compartment in a cell where specialized function occurs? - ANSWER-An Organelle What is a polysaccharide of a Bacteria? - ANSWER-Peptidoglycan What is a polysaccharide of a Plant? - ANSWER-Cellulose What is a polysaccharide of Fungi? - ANSWER-Citin What is a substance that minimizes changes in pH level? - ANSWER-Buffers What is a unique feature of chloroplasts and mitochondria? - ANSWER-Bound by a double membrane What is an example of a monosaccharide? - ANSWER-Sugar, Glucose
What is an organic molecule? - ANSWER-Must have Carbon & Hydrogen, chains of rings What is Cell Theory? - ANSWER-Idea that all organisms are composed of cells and that cells come only from preexisting cells. What is found in both prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells? Ribosomes Golgi Lysosome Nucleoid - ANSWER-Ribosomes What is the "flow chart" of biological organization? - ANSWER-Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere What is the difference between a polar and non-polar covalent bond? - ANSWER- Electrons can be shared equally (we call this nonpolar) or they can share unequally (polar). What is the difference between atomic number and mass number? - ANSWER-Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom Atomic mass is the average mass of all the isotopes of a certain type. What is the function of a Capsule? - ANSWER-A gooey layer of the surface of the cell used to help the bacterium adhere to a surface What is the function of a Cell Wall? - ANSWER-An extra layer on the surface of the cell that provides shape and protection What is the function of a Pili? - ANSWER-Microscopic appendages on the cell surface that aid in attachment to surfaces What is the function of a Plasmid? - ANSWER-An extra loop of DNA These often contain genes that code for some sort of resistance to something that might kill the bacteria What is the function of Central Vacuole (P)? - ANSWER-Storage of water and various molecules What is the function of Chloroplasts (P) - ANSWER-Photosynthesis which allows plants to convert carbon dioxide to glucose What is the function of Cilia? - ANSWER-Microscopic appendages on the cell surface
What is the function of the Ribosomes? - ANSWER-Protein synthesis What is the function of Vesicles? - ANSWER-Transport "bubbles" that move items in the cell What is the goal of science? - ANSWER-To determine cause and effect What is the location of Electron? - ANSWER-Orbit around Nucleus/Core What is the location of Protons? - ANSWER-Nucleus/Core What is the main difference in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell groups? - ANSWER-The presence of membrane bound organelles What is the pH range for a base? - ANSWER-7.1 - What is the pH range for an acid? - ANSWER-0 -6. What is the primary function of Sugar in cells? - ANSWER-Energy Source What is the purpose of Monosaccharides? - ANSWER-Provide short term energy What is the purpose of Polysaccharides? - ANSWER-Provide long term (2-3 days) energy Provide structure What is the purpose of the scientific method? - ANSWER-so that the information gathered can be both reproducible and clear. What is the subatomic particle of concern when dealing with an ion? - ANSWER- Electron What is the subatomic particle of concern when dealing with an isotope? - ANSWER- Neutrons What is the worst kind of fat for you? - ANSWER-Trans fats What is your microbiome? - ANSWER-Ecological community of micro-organisms that live on or within the body. Primarily bacteria, but also fungus and virus' Established at birth What kind of bond holds polymers together? - ANSWER-Covalent Bonds
What kind of fat has a double bond? - ANSWER-Unsaturated Fat What level of organization regeres to all organisms withing a particular area? - ANSWER-Ecosystem What macro molecule is most important but we need the least of? - ANSWER-Protein What makes an isotope radioactive? - ANSWER-Unstable and spits out subatomic particles (decay) What makes an isotope radioactive? - ANSWER-When it starts to decay it emits radiation. This happens when the nucleus has excess Neurons. What organelle modifies proteins by folding them into 3D shapes? - ANSWER-Rough ER What organelles are always found in bacteria and their function (prokaryote). - ANSWER-Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell that allows things in and out Nucleoid: Region where single loop of DNA is located Ribosomes: Produces proteins Cytoplasm: Liquid portion of the cell where chemical reactions occurand other structures are suspended What organelles are found in certain types of bacteria and their function. - ANSWER- Cell wall Flagella Capsule Pili Plasmid Spores What organelles are found inside eukaryotic cells (animals and plants). - ANSWER- Plasma Membrane Cell Wall (P) Ribosomes Cytoplasm Flagella Cytoskeleton Cilia Vesicles Nucleus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Central Vacuole (P)
Where does Lemon Juice fall on PH scale? - ANSWER-Weak Acid Where is the atomic mass written for the atomic symbol? - ANSWER-Below the atomic symbol Where is the atomic number written for the atomic symbol? - ANSWER-Above the atomic symbol Which domain of life is relatively large? - ANSWER-Eukarya Which of the following are only found in animal cells? Mitochondria Smooth ER Chloroplasts Cilia - ANSWER-Cilia Which part of a binomial name is the genus name? - ANSWER-The first term Why do we use radiation as a therapy for cancer? - ANSWER-Radiation kills the fast dividing cells (which cancer cells are). Also kills healthy cells around the fast dividing cells. Why does exposure to radioactivity cause damage to living cells? - ANSWER-Free Radicals attack your DNA Why is it important that an experiment include a control group? - ANSWER-A control group assures that an experiment will be repeatable.
