Biostatistics Study Notes: Statistical Data Analysis, Study notes of Zoology

Comprehensive notes on data collection, organization, and analysis in biological research. Key topics: • Types of data: qualitative and quantitative • Measures of central tendency and dispersion • Data summarization and presentation • Biological research applications • Worked examples

Typology: Study notes

2024/2025

Available from 02/23/2026

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>| Brostacses : Thee wore) KLOLKESCA i otextved? lym Z latin _warel ig pink ‘States’ | Statikes “ (az ovomreh 2 athematies | deatima o thy Colleetivn bretemjation amatllcs —, inkerfurtation , Ovgantration & Sr, Lake ation of. nemerteo, iy dato: ta alse fm os Kings Sublet wv Secemce, of Kemas. whe se of MOLLACS, im béo _ Loto us &/m as [ Preostateses oY Stimanhl id > Data: 2) kot of VOL MLA vecoroled on one or more. Cbkevvyartionet UnikS is Cfo} as ofatir.: The ata é« Leo Bley the yeu ematentot, of statis. tne! Coral és cotectie? & ts expe sed im numeret. TL hore’ or TLD bys- ( Darter 's Sirgutan f cleta ) CU Jupes of fata: Ye S! cta tl of 2 Capos: i) Dréman, date: wtyl am" imvertecgat ov | or x UVC i ELL Cate. fo DL {et - Atcne 4 fob fe sos 3 wae tcest on By cere dd Os {° cfota, { emumeovation ov Sampling Ault Ldenot) | Seconctare fata : oe dlata. c has! hoon Cotte ete} hy OLLLY persons im the dam of pubtesheYf data. j u“ Cfo as 2 late, ey the, ota, chfained from the secomofane, AQUNCES > from fe ath» mmaganimes ; Teacher's Signature __ ae CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner | paper te is Cp as 2° cfata. 4icotiwn: BH uw proves apo en arvem ing te pitta foto. ~ ( teers data} SF sete | cutee 2s F< i, (pnting te em po hin as “chsting | sy an Y base of Seth : “ a 4! posi D| | Quatitative bash: umem hates et | cation es , aecercti9 “afore unlity, they “de pa as | bast¢. rene Ric peor hee Oe vl u umeducatedd ia > toteetligen & fete I~ uattative, bases the en meppiareeee ssnceosies, Fane ccc Hi) Quay ANS ‘ Chase fe , Qceor ALL fevence de eH = ie a On Uany ex., tee stuscter) DT me oe tw om easincrlhe ChavacterKacs i) “g mae ween th So eta : » stint accorasr, to time, { ty I | eeane 5 oa ag hoct ——hared « the SurcfemtS who t List, adave-Sion ctaoring thy Last 3 RON: ane’ auld ee d _ og a CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner ™— | Se pres oa in Q@ nO vi pieds 3 voitwarly. banks, or Lim tations SCOTS 1 = Statuses ed are, need to be true oun, ea) LY & em Qa Lon / -| Statestres Con Owe usect to nage the Cotrective, matler& u wee la evemks : - KR ts : ‘ on to uantitetive oferta She weil 9 tri of l SOKKSAOS, “ Mat °" entn has |! an ir ack bnowthe ‘i 4 "ib ecoolt can s nmaliaar | bamofle Sees data Contra Center "Eon the — KeOvesS op hye — stuctert4 a e- thom ote wenn | otestribution we wall Ti tot thee vey OL) student 4 who eth ow SCOVE, ver Low + Soe marRA f fad “aod bce SomCale gre bla gpl AD SEOrVCK o the whole “ote of "a ret about, ee a oe i“ named as Comtrak Cenden Measeyves o cemtvatl Cendlemes. 0 he an COLLIE i Comtrak Cenefem us ae, 2 ef a a bork of eer = Deiat vast tems a) te Korte ee to BLL I THAKEXAC, ty eye & in ss eae “ ed vate i Common Meares of Comb Cero are, PEE CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner Date Expt. No. it Page No. DL Prétnematec TLL) oy Mean ii) Mecftan- ii)| Poche. SS _ @ Drvithemetin, mean or Mean: 9% ste - mean of hy yaw) lata We, i kempwd that im an wmanouhed yaw AR we axe. gtven imcividuatl é As we also &mpu) thot d thw QNeYO.ce of. » Neer Penk u ootainecf nl tchotuina thovy Sim ( bu adclima & them Ate, na ét tn) X = Xr + Xg + Xat--- + Xn ea) ox:| fim ae aM) of __tréat.cwrides of ‘10 hationtA im tueby it Samples trom " Buch om Hospitot (25, 20, 2! , $F lug, iol 1B: if. “us , 35). So). cet x be thy Querage. Crighncérvece values Sum ef ate tly Perak ons Y Xe 854 304 are 55 + UP + lot IS tt +45 4 3S IQ > wo. 4 patients - = 300 = 30 1D Arethematic mean = 20 __ -—| Mean of aroufedrt dator ———— 7 Teacher's Signature CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner Date e No, Page No. Sof | sneler caleulatens the On tthemotee meom ty “ Buel a Cobehey cfote, isa is agermed that, oh thy thieryattons’ oa) a forborulry | feta imbervol ower the Ame votere/. his_| | VOL LEE: u“ hy arnclotle- VOtUk of the _mtofellle C valee or oul heint of the las imfewoat 1. we reftace. tthe CLAS CK is mt PICh Aes - Clam imterol ened value ,% freguonte, | [.& 10 ~ 20 15 a 20 - 20 25 7 14s 20 = Yo 28 i | 595 Yo - 50 | Us 29 [ 1305 50 _~ 60 55 29 | 1595 60 - to 65 Lo 650 Yo - Qo Yo 3 | 225 G0 - 90 85 | 2 IZO 90_- 100 95 | i 95 _ 100 4840 Hove N = 2f 2 100 Ef Xs 4eYyo Ams X = Efx if / = 4YBY4O 100 x = YOY Teacher's Signature CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner oP ov the Centraal yet ue of ty VaviODE 6 Ls a set 6 bKervalion when the observatinns Case T when yn & cole , & Ls Case, Dtl th vole meklon a Ceose TL whe) ny ww ewerm 5 Urs Cue there One Two muclahe terms 2h & ( D+ i) t a 2 Shae 70. of ALooof COL present in ‘the bleog aces r) Tl OXLENKS, ave 5, 19, 4a, tl, 50, 30, 2) f O sal 36). 2F. Lime tre ™medsar. cers arene these, VOLUCS en eencting orclon: O, 5, Vil; 19%, 21, 2%, 30, 36 , 49 , 50, 52k = It (oot!) Mmecttam = Mtl 2 Set 2 12 5 6% peso a Z ] So, meen = QT. _J CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner i \& ve No. of panes L 6 Yo 16 ¥ 6 Z eee ae "ype [20 9 2% s 4 60 framge Uy yalues im Ascenol i oveley: Ube C mal vv) | No. of patients Cmetotwue poeriey weloyed | mo of an 4 4 y 20 6 10 25 tb 26 40 8 ay 50 7 YI 80 g 43 Weve» M = 2{ = 43 1, Mpeclam, Ms H+FI = Ydt! 2 22am pres 4 2 She hove Cole shows hot ate ems peo fT - 26 have thoty valees 25. Simee 2and ttlem Lue4 bw lo- 36 C bae the volo 45. heme , mecttan = Gi Femcf thar erect wwe Uow é fe Lum a 5 ¥. 4 2 Y oF 199) { ; 6 5 3 6 5 3 2 4 xs 5 7 9 12 (yo 44 19 ZI t 4 6 5 3 6 5 3 4 4 ef > 6 ] 14 20 45 9G 8 BY Meditam = 2h & Dt a 2 ed CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner Date [ epene Page No. [ oi BY & 34 cal g a = [¢% & wt = Duevace of (Ee & 18% posetvent = [2+ 12 2 2Y of 12 aj / | 4 ry CS Shee -~_ Obove—_ tobe Stroup au hems from 12- ly Lowe, theiv vatues 9. Stneg the} 2% igen es im tee im bervat 4 Ip & ty (e) wher the Aercesx oS Continuous In is ease the jota is given & thy form __of. oe ferquentsy tane YE Lass ~ U imtenlat _ ete ws Ow follow Ung formula &s ese} to caleutate : ‘a ™ = uit a mo x t 4 Whore , Lv tower Limit of te has metion Lee5- / Ne total me _iof. feeqguenues te, Ne Ef fe freg women lof Che han im rasliary l eve, ¢ / Ce Cmetatrive -fresuency of the elas freceectin, PY al mmectan Lees. | | és ‘wed eh C of cloy - emtenal tm _& meson her: I _ Teacher's Signature CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner Date Page No. Mode: It _& defimed as tL valine en a tf HAOneL4A oe }s most gn. a frequents, tir th tion freq ivembltg . mod us that | vakeatdl c has the other 0 gn rds > mode represents Catrel ‘ es most, frequent, nants It us | eno : Typical prectommér al I or nor tin Supes of modal AOYCEK- oT p / AOrELK of bse a kton have one mney ey mere omooless! — ¢v Untmodol SOrteK + The Kor tes, of observations | ¢ Contain onl, ! mode is | ofa os ememodoL SOYCES- CU Bemnodok, BEVLES 3 The AOvECK & observations of 2 modes “4 cle | as bernoclal Convary Aeyeced* In tes Aertes the two modes are the Armee value of greatest fomsity: Vrtemodot Berted } Suv | serbles cf of obs evvatdbng Contain 3 279de4 &s oa os! Lrbrnoetal Aovres- In 04 AOvLeS, the 3 moles5 are he SOA e- of vatue reo tert, demsikes DL _ mode; a l sorvids of o servabtiinny of t hos aImnbr Char, One mode | ; then the moe & & Sate} to be as CLL omode- Comp tation of _samode fx individual spries Sonkbe ALACEA’ a7 HLS / t CASE » Ak ahie ts | vefeated manimier, & mode the heavier: of 7 Teacher’s Signature CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner ‘ \€ re oy, A shoe. as ¢ Uae a sod — 100 pairs ° | Diserete pregency atstythution fortes + Qn Chis cone, >) mode ts a value vartohblre corneas tb , U Use ImMaatimmtiyem F , sboeA fs Deed on & Certain] wef euem is len sil of af 5 é ¥ 8 ] to Nox of jot 15 90 3S {6 3 I Ping te mole a> Ue aboe Cobbe we motece Hat a are 7 tos he anamtemtium | vez 35. Fes the medde | the ee Computation o mode * seeping mete we notice that a eat forees ampohe ts determine imspeetion they am error ote he some Cases, where, reek Hal tne, we Seal & i peceteli, % Buecedfing | te Y is ver’ fon al. a they Moms ane =) coheentyatee on elthey Aid @ Uneley of etdons the mod é els ” - bem taste " fa ke costal “Prey reg Calentate ne ie the tbe otusbrtbution Jee Cx) rae a a yoo Présueren (| : ; 9 ty Ms is\ th Bs CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner \e toe , data, , in fol, & we [Prem tee omit fopte & is clheay that tye 7 Gabaces 10 the 7 OME) noe si Lars PQ 05 OMELET) aS pee 7g ver. 5 Heme alot! se us 10+ yes UeNe dtr thution ; She Lasts im the Cottection 4 data 6 tabulation sad te dota bas -— heer & once 5. te taba enssential wb wt therm oth form of E . rowK & Columns» Sobutation is a mt nit used iy setlin out thy Cotlect ec! J upfose there neg on Cams (0S¥, t06, lol, NS, re U9, 120“ Jos, to8, Ht, (ey , 109, Hb, on Gorxedemm> umnoler & pom 1S Sfuolents ime cham. | Suir One ever) ms: fo, flo. She eto, ge im he Above, ovr «kK seeps oy to note Conf, urscten !we write Vttebn sianoles., or decendrr, { ) order as: 103, 18W lo5 , 106, (08, “lo, 109, lo, Uo 4S, 16, UF, UG te we Cath his mi of arramgement a anvory the Ilcotal is to be arvated: ameke 1 thy work CASEY we ees oup en) No. of AMeectenks: aan ia } 102 ie) 103 Z {oy © 105 } {ob ! lop” 0) J CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner freq. liktiiebutton ts _a statistical represen Tob Lr) tha | apt No. shows bao mn different values wy Categories P' i ain nar intl (og pl bra. -_ wie on 104 l pn a ae! Y to Z dota: eines tet fate into HL 0 ach Spr / Ug oO G i- Ud 0 ty 0 us i 6 I uF ! us 0 ng ! Janie {Zo ! tar 15 She metho of Grvomg ing, the quien ofata &n thy above form I is Cal aU dresueney distribution. tere! te __brorgct of steal 3 fe Vayéate & the Ccorvesspooraling no of Akardent4 &% “ ht frequtnin U oe wd uavtate Sees preguem es V (Ea Toe of tkmes a vandals ‘Ones vefeated - / Thecus the fresuemerg _ tabte ~f tame 1) given above! 4 ovr Ve brovement, over ae arvomeed fata, ret! com _—_funtew scorn plurfey re, Y ceausefytng Sete emto | routs. mi U Hecgnts wo? No. ot : lol-¥ 105 a m lob~ Ho é bo | Ul = NS i Pr, 1G- (20 reather’s Signature aes: tee 1S CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner P - Date [Be No, Page No. ex presen} em & fraction of ferveentage These e& dim as \ eboetve | prea ienle ses | Jn otter WUEOHS , a vetative | U deauem a ae tas preguemey extract os b V yake of total trequenery. / r rt ¢ RP = Las frequency ota, fresivenrcl PoU ¢ lex, | eos marks | frequency reoliie hesgurener, mmo: of students vd? Z0- 4p i 6 Ors = O%y = ZY % Un - bb 12 Rig 2 O48 >) YOR 60 - @o UY Ylas = o-ib =. 16% Bo _— [00 3 WY25 2 Or}2 = 12% eter + 25 - | 9t meg be omseweof Uae the tum of Au relative g freg meres ts 1°00 oe 100% I Leeny te tregubmer, of cath eta has eo enfocstned as J te! fereentiane of tatet frequm -| che _yvelative — freguemees ave sel — Compare twp oY more bregeulemex, hstyibutions or tuo! oY mee items im Same fre jueneg Auityibutton . >| Cemutatie _freeummey RE turtlon 3 Crm meet ortrve P| Leen comesperictea ta eka 5 Ae Ker] Pew | te pogulineses upto x intluoling Teacher’s Signature CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner More, than Avior: marks — abtaimes! 30 - Yo 4Yo- 50 50 - bo bo - Yo Yo - 60 65 ~ Fo less than eve marks ht armed! tee thOm UD tess than 50 tem tham bo less than Fo tes thon 80 deme than FO mae Move thon, fovier [wat clas. Gn Cummurlative preeneg adivtribution, | the preg a antiouay Chass &% abhtaineof be ao} "4 to the ai o hol ela xk ba the emcees of wi preven ea. Thuy, Qa Cemmeutatu re , table 6 chtatned my they ovkn e-3LLEM tare SULLY aofcle: tL “G sumbel equan cress. 9 4 4 She Crema elateve. frqueneg Serte%4 ane 4 two stuck Mee ap S Reertonts (Z Zo 25 6 17 No: q Kil ents ° re) 20 Yo 6s isk) {00 CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner