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Biotech Final Exam
Blocking with _____ increases the possibility of non specific protein binding by the primary antibody - Answer -milk combing DNA from different sources is an example of - Answer -recombinant DNA technology ______ is immunological assays commonly used to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins and are generally carried out in 96 well plates, allowing multiple sample to be measured in a single experiment - Answer -ELISA True/False? In general, the primary antibody that recognizes the target protein in a western blot is not directly detectable. Therefore, specific tertiary antibodies are used as the means of ultimately detecting the target antigen. - Answer -False ______ involves farm-raising finfish, shellfish, algae, and other aquatic organisms. - Answer -Aquaculture A protein mixture having a molecular weight of 2, 23, and 40 KDa (kilo daltons) was electrophoresed in SDS-PAGE system. Which protein will be at the bottom of the gel? - Answer -a protein with MW of 2 KDa Selective breeding involves __________ - Answer -mating organisms with desirable characteristics How are proteins in the acrylamide gel visualized? - Answer -Coomasie dye
True/False? SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separates proteins on the basis of size - Answer -True _____ is the use of living organisms or their products to clean up the environment, improve human health, and provide more nutritious and disease-free food - Answer -Biotechnology Quaternary structure of a protein refers to ____ - Answer -the association of multiple polypeptide sub- units to form a functional protein Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - Answer -technique designed for separating and analyzing proteins according to their size Alpha helices and Beta-pleated sheets represent the _______ structure of a protein - Answer -Secondary True/False? Lactose is an enzyme - Answer -False Adding a carbohydrate group to a protein is known as _____. - Answer -glycosylation Adding a phosphate or sugar group to a newly made protein is an example of _____. - Answer -a posttranslational modification An advantage of using E.coli bacterial cells to express proteins is that ______________. - Answer -they generate unlimited quantities to proteins A disadvantage of using bacterial cells to grow proteins is that _____________. - Answer -they do not correctly fold all proteins Cells must be lysed to release the proteins of interest if __________. - Answer -the protein is intracellular.
Pharmaceutical companies produce medical devices - Answer -True True/False? Characterizing and sequencing amino acids would be useful in DNA finger printing - Answer -False True/False? A biotechnology product is usually a large molecule that can be synthetically produced and orally administered to a patient. - Answer -False This type of biotechnology is used to make food, vaccines, and produce batch amounts of proteins used in medicines - Answer -Microbial This type of biotechnology is used to produce pest-resistance plants - Answer -Agriculture This type of biotechnology where organisms are used as bioreactors to produce important products such as antibodies - Answer -Animal A biotechnology that uses genetic engineering to produce vaccines against viruses that infect fish. - Answer -Aquatic Reasons farmers cultivate GMO crops - Answer -Increase yields Reduce usage of fuels for tractors Decrease pesticide cost Save management cost The role of a principal scientist in a biotechnology company would be to __________ - Answer -Scientific leader of the company, directors, planning, executing research, participates in applications of grants and reports, management skills. Advisors. In biotechnology companies, ________ is to guarantee the final quality of all products and ensure products meet stringent regulations. - Answer -Quality Control
What is it called when genetically identical copies of living organisms are produced? - Answer -cloning Which recombinant protein is used for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus? - Answer -Insulin True/False? Upstream processing is the purification of the protein from all the other components in the cell to ensure purity. - Answer -False To ensure protein stability in a sample solutions, low temperature must be maintained and the addition of ______. - Answer -protease inhibitors Misfolded proteins can be detrimental and lead to _________. - Answer -mad cow disease cancer Alzheimer heart attacks Why is heat stable DNA polymerase an essential component of PCR? - Answer -This polymerase does not denature at high temperatures when DNA strands are melted. The antibiotic resistance gene is found on the plasmid. This gene confers resistance to the recombinant DNA palsmid when transformed into bacterial cells and plated on agar media containing the antibiotic. - Answer -Only bacterial cells that have taken up the vector can grow on the agar media plate containing the antibiotic. QPCR enables researchers to quantify _______ as they occur in real time. - Answer -Amplification reactions If you start out with three strands of naked DNA (each strand does not have a partner making a double helix), how many naked strands of DNA would you have after two cycles of PCR? - Answer -
Technique used to detect bioweapon pathogens - Answer -Protein Microarray Improper use of __________ has led to dramatic increases in antibiotic-resistance bacteria. - Answer - Antibiotics Golden rice gets is characteristic yellow color from beta-carotene that is converted into ________. - Answer -vitamin A Round Up-resistance plants are designed to ________. - Answer -provide resistance against herbicides Bt transgenic crops are designed to _________. - Answer -provide resistance to insects The microbial source of cry genes used to make insect-resistance transgenic plants is __________. - Answer -Bacillus thuringiensis The Biotechnology Company that produces seeds which grow into plants genetically engineered to be tolerant to glyphosate. - Answer -Mosanto Glyphosate blocks the enzyme ___________, which functions in a key biochemical pathway responsible for plant growth and survival. - Answer -EPSPS Plants with more than typical set of two chromosomes are known as _______. - Answer -polyploid _________ plants are the ones whose DNA is modified using genetic engineering techniques. - Answer - Transgenic True/False? When the gene from tobacco mosaic virus is inserted into the tobacco plant, proteins produced from the viral gene will cause the plant to become vulnerable to the virus and the immune system will eventually become weakened. - Answer -False
This bacterium is well known for is ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants. - Answer - Agrobacterium True/False? The protoplast fusion method used in plant transgenesis is when two chloroplast come in contact and adhere with one another. - Answer -False An enucleated egg cell _________. - Answer -lacks a nucleus What types of cells fuse together to form hybridomas for making monoclonal antibodies? - Answer - Myeloma cells and spleen cells Which of the following approaches is not used to create a transgenic animals? - Answer -Embroyo twinning True/False? Introducing new genetic material in animals have the ability to improve the productivity of livestock. - Answer -True _______________ animals contain an inserted and functional gene from another source. - Answer - Transgenic ____________ animals have been genetically engineered so that a specific gene is disrupted and rendered nonfunctional. - Answer -Knockout Which of the following techniques has been used to clone sheep, cats, cows, and several other types of mammals? - Answer -Somatic cell nuclear transfer What is the purpose of using animals in clinical trials? - Answer -To test the safety of a compound To assess the biological activity of a compound
True/False? Performing research test on cells in vitro cannot provide information about potential impacts on entire living organisms - Answer -True True/False? Computer generated models are less expensive than research animals, however computer models are limited by programming and knowledge of how the physiological systems work - Answer -True This small pure-bred animal is used to study therapies for humans, genetics, and biological characteristics which are known and controlled - Answer -Mouse This animal is about 3cm in length, grows rapidly, and can be tested for drug toxicity in five days - Answer -Zebrafish This larger animal is the preferred model organism that is superior over another similar type of organism for determining drug metabolism and toxicological profiles - Answer -Rat This animal's embroo is visible inside the egg - Answer -Zebrafish This animal share human's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS - Answer -Monkey True/False? Pseudomonas is not an indigenous microbes used for biorememdiation - Answer -False Which biorememdiation approach involves mixing contaminated soil with water, carbon dioxide, and fertilizers in a bioreactor to stimulate biodegradation? - Answer -Slurry-phase bioremediation Which bioremediation approach involvs using plants to degrade pollutants? - Answer -Phytoremediation
Which cleanup approach involves removing groundwater or soil from its natural setting to allow for bioremediation? - Answer -Ex situ bioremediation Compounds that causes cancers are called _________. - Answer -carcinogens Aerobic degradation (pumping air or hydrogen peroxide into the contaminated site is also known as __________. - Answer -bioventing Which of the following is an example of solid phase bioremediation? - Answer -Composting Sewage and wastewater from a single household move through plumbing system out to a _______ buried underground next to the house. - Answer -septic tank The term ___________ means removing the contaminated soil or water to another site, cleaning it and then putting it back from where it came from. - Answer -Ex situ Ex situ is a preferred method of bioremediation and less expensive - Answer -False An initiative to counteract careless and negligent practices of chemical dumping and storage, as well as a concern for human heath and the environment - Answer -Superfund program Microbes convert chemicals into harmless substances by using ________. - Answer -Aerobic bacteria Anarerobic bacteria The microorganisms Phanerochaete is a type of __________. - Answer -Fungi True/False? Fungi are involved in composting and degrading sludge as wastewater treatment plants. - Answer -True True/False?
What toxin -producing dinoflagellate is responsible for significant fish kills and shell fish disease? - Answer -Pfiesteria piscicida Which of the following is a pigment used to alter the color of salmon? - Answer -Asaxanthin Transgenic salmon engineered to grow faster than non-transgenic strains involves which of the following? - Answer -GH Marine species ___________ secretes proteases that are resistant to detergents - Answer -Vibrio Triploid species - Answer -have an extra set of one chromosome have three complete sets of chromosomes usually infertile are an example of a polyploidy organism ___________ is the farming of a variety of shellfish, crustaceans, finfish, and algae, - Answer - Aquaculture The gene that can detect the expression of another gene is called a/an ______________ - Answer - reporter gene A product that is extracted from seaweed and can form gels is known as ____________. - Answer - carrageenan An aquaculture product that is used as a thickening agent and gives food an improved texture is called __________. - Answer -carrageenan An aquaculture product that is a protease used in tissue culturing is known as ___________. - Answer - collagenase
The attachment of organisms to surfaces (such as pipes and walls) is known as __________. - Answer - biofilming The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is a gene's ____________ - Answer -locus ___________ are tandemly repeated sequences of DNA also called short tandem repeats. - Answer - Microsatellites Variations in restriction enzyme-cutting patterns of DNA from different individuals are called ___________. - Answer -RFLPs Which of the following techniques is most commonly used to separate DNA in a tube, with a detectable molecule, based on charge an size, by their different rates of migration in an electric field? - Answer - Capillary electrophoresis DNA is present in all of the following human cell types except ___________. - Answer -erythrocytes (mature red blood cells) This analysis is used to examine samples that lack nucleated cellular material (hair, bones and teeth) ____________. - Answer -Mitochondrial DNA analysis The DNA profiling database maintained by the FBI is called ___________. - Answer -CODIS Which technique use the least amount of sample needed for forensic analysis? - Answer -PCR A repeated sequence, which, for example, can be 10 copies of the sequence TTA, is called a __________
- Answer -STR One of the biggest problems with using DNA forensic analysis to solve crimes is ________________. - Answer -sample contamination Used to create reporter gene plasmid constructs - Answer -GFP
Understanding the risk in participating in a clinical trial and agreeing to participate is known as ___________ - Answer -informed consent Risk assessments involve ___________ - Answer -the likelihood that something harmful or unintended will happen. A utilitarian approach to a bioethical issue would ____________ - Answer -be designed to produce the greatest positive effect for the greatest number of people. This approach focuses on principles which we should follow out of a sense of duty. - Answer - Deontological True/False? A primary source of embryos used for research id from an excess of embryos from in vitro fertilization - Answer -True Implications of biological research and biotechnological applications regarding medicine is known as ___________ - Answer -Bioethics Which of the following regulatory agencies is charged with the regulation of plant pests and plants? - Answer -USDA Phase __________ trials occur when a drug is tested on a small groups of healthy individuals to determine the proper dose and route of administration. - Answer -I Phase ________ trials occur when a drug is tested on several thousand people to determine its effectiveness compared to current drugs on the market. - Answer -III Which U.S. regulatory agency oversees guidelines and laws that govern environmental applications of biotechnology and other sciences? - Answer -EPA
Which of the following U.S. agencies oversees phase testing of drugs prior to their approval for clinical uses? - Answer -FDA If you were developing a transgenic strain of pest-resistant watermelons, which federal agency would primarily be responsible for regulating this biotech product? - Answer -USDA Which federal agency oversees, regulates, and monitors the safety of biotech and pharmaceutical products and medical devices during consumer use? - Answer -Food and Drug Administration Following successful completion of a phase III trial for a particular drug, a biotechnology company would apply for a(n) ________ to receive approval to sell the drug. - Answer -NDA A __________ provides an inventor with government-granted protection of an invention for a period of time, preventing others from using or making the invention without being licensed to do so. - Answer - patent Phase ________ trials occur when a drug ia teasted on individuals with a disease to determine the effectiveness of a drug in treating a disease. - Answer -II ___________ needs to be approved before testing a new drug in humans - Answer -An IND Viral resistance in crops would be regulated by which agency? - Answer -USDA Which agency would be in charge of determining whether or not modified oil content is safe to eat? - Answer -FDA Which agency determines whether or not something is safe for the environment? - Answer -USDA A patent for a DNA sequence would be deemed to have a substantive utility if it ____________ - Answer -showed a real-world use for the DNA sequence
All of the following descriptions is embryonic stem cells are true EXCEPT that they _____________. - Answer -are present in all adult tissues ___________ is the field of working to restore structure and function of tissue, or repair or replace tissue due to disease, damage, or defects. - Answer -Regenerative medicine True or False? Karyotyping is easily carried out on adults to check for chromosomal abnormalities. - Answer -True What form of gene therapy involves direct injection of DNA into cells within the body? - Answer -In vivo True or false? Protein microarrays are used to predict a patient's risk of developing diseases based on expressed genes for the disease. - Answer -False The fusion of genetics, cell biology, and other sciences to further advances in medicine. - Answer - Medical Biotechnology
