Download C++ Programing Filea and more Lab Reports Programming Languages in PDF only on Docsity!
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
Name: ____________________________________________ Roll No: _____________
Score: ____________Signature of the Lab Tutor: ______________ Date: ___________
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to learn: This Lab will examine the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and other operators one by one.
Discussion Once introduced to variables and constants, we can begin to operate with them by using operators. What follows is a complete list of operators. At this point, it is likely not necessary to know all of them, but they are all listed here to also serve as reference. C++ is having very rich set of operators.
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C++ is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators:
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Misc Operators
Arithmetic Operators
There are following arithmetic operators supported by C++ language: Assume variable A holds 21 and variable B holds 10, then:
Example:
#include
using namespace std;
main() {
int a = 21;
To Familiarize with Operators in C++
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
int b = 10; int c ; c = a + b;
cout << "Line 1 - Value of c is :" << c << endl ; c = a - b; cout << "Line 2 - Value of c is :" << c << endl ; c = a * b; cout << "Line 3 - Value of c is :" << c << endl ;
c = a / b; cout << "Line 4 - Value of c is :" << c << endl ; c = a % b; //Modulo operator cout << "Line 5 - Value of c is :" << c << endl ; c = a++; //increment operator
cout << "Line 6 - Value of c is :" << c << endl ; c = a--; //decrement operator cout << "Line 7 - Value of c is :" << c << endl ; return 0;
}
Operator Description Example
- Adds two operands^ A + B will give 30
- Subtracts second operand from the first
A - B will give -
- Multiplies both operands^ A * B will give 200
/ Divides numerator by de- numerator
B / A will give 2
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
Operator Description Example
== Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A == B) is not true.
!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.
(A != B) is true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A > B) is not true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A < B) is true.
= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A >= B) is not true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A <= B) is true.
Logical Operators
There are following logical operators supported by C++ language. Assume variable A holds 5 and variable B holds 20, then:
Example:
#include
using namespace std;
main() {
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
int a = 5; int b = 20; int c ;
if ( a && b ) { cout << "Line 1 - Condition is true"<< endl ; } if ( a || b ) { cout << "Line 2 - Condition is true"<< endl ;
} /* Let's change the values of a and b */ a = 0; b = 10; if ( a && b ) {
cout << "Line 3 - Condition is true"<< endl ; } else { cout << "Line 4 - Condition is not true"<< endl ; } if ( !(a && b) ) {
cout << "Line 5 - Condition is true"<< endl ; } return 0;
}
Operator Description Example
&& Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes true.
(A && B) is false.
|| Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non- zero, then condition becomes true.
(A || B) is true.
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
main() {
unsigned int a = 60; // 60 = 0011 1100 unsigned int b = 13; // 13 = 0000 1101
int c = 0; c = a & b; // 12 = 0000 1100 cout << "Line 1 - Value of c is : " << c << endl ; c = a | b; // 61 = 0011 1101 cout << "Line 2 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ;
c = a ^ b; // 49 = 0011 0001 cout << "Line 3 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; c = ~a; // -61 = 1100 0011 cout << "Line 4 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; c = a << 2; // 240 = 1111 0000
cout << "Line 5 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; c = a >> 2; // 15 = 0000 1111 cout << "Line 6 - Value of c is: " << c << endl ; return 0;
}
Operator Description Example
& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
(A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
(A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
(A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
(~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111
Assignment Operators
There are following assignment operators supported by C++ language:
Example:
#include
using namespace std;
main() {
int a = 21;
int c ; c = a; cout << "Line 1 - = Operator, Value of c = : " <<c<< endl ; c += a; cout << "Line 2 - += Operator, Value of c = : " <<c<< endl ;
c -= a; cout << "Line 3 - -= Operator, Value of c = : " <<c<< endl ; c *= a; cout << "Line 4 - *= Operator, Value of c = : " <<c<< endl ; c /= a;
cout << "Line 5 - /= Operator, Value of c = : " <<c<< endl ;
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
*= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C *= A is equivalent to C = C
/= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator
C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
= Right shift AND assignment operator
C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator
C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator
C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|= bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator
C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2
Misc Operators
There are few other operators supported by C++ Language.
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
Operator Description
sizeof sizeof operator returns the size of a variable. For example, sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4.
Condition? X : Y Conditional operator. If Condition is true? then it returns value X : otherwise value Y
, Comma operator causes a sequence of operations to be performed. The value of the entire comma expression is the value of the last expression of the comma-separated list.
. (dot) and -> (arrow)
Member operators are used to reference individual members of classes, structures, and unions.
Cast Casting operators convert one data type to another. For example, int(2.2000) would return 2.
& Pointer operator & returns the address of an variable. For example &a; will give actual address of the variable.
- **Pointer operator *** is pointer to a variable. For example *var; will pointer to a variable var.
Ternary Operator in C++
If any operator is used on three operands or variable is known as Ternary Operator.
It can be represented with? :. It is also called as conditional operator
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
Example:
#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a, b, c, large; clrscr(); cout<<"Enter any three number: "; cin>>a>>b>>c; large = a>b? (a>c?a:c) : (b>c?b:c); cout<<"Largest Number is: "<<large; getch(); }
Operators Precedence in C++
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator:
For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.
Example:
#include
using namespace std;
main() {
int a = 20; int b = 10; int c = 15;
int d = 5; int e;
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
(1ST^ SEMESTER, 1 ST^ Year) LAB EXPERIMENT # 4 & 5
________________________________________________________________________
e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5 cout << "Value of (a + b) * c / d is :" << e << endl ; e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5
cout << "Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is :" << e << endl ; e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5) cout << "Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is :" << e << endl ; e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5) cout << "Value of a + (b * c) / d is :" << e << endl ;
return 0;
}
Category Operator Associativity
Postfix () [] - >. ++ - - Left to right
Unary + -! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative * / % Left to right
Additive + - Left to right
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
