Ebola Virus Outbreak: Epidemiological Determinants, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies in a Community, Thesis of Financial Accounting

Download Ebola Virus Outbreak: Epidemiological Determinants, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies in a Community and more Thesis Financial Accounting in PDF only on Docsity!

C228 Task 2 Western Governors University International Outbreak

A communicable disease is any illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products. Some examples of communicable diseases are measles, tuberculosis, hepatitis, HIV, COVID-19, and influenza. Ebola can be contracted by human to human as well as human to primate by way of eating infected meat already infected with the Ebola virus. The Ebola virus wasdiscovered near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Places that Ebola has spread are Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gabon, Russia, and in the United States in 2014. Description of a chosen international outbreak In 2014 the Ebola virus otherwise known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever or EHF first was discovered in 1976 in Zaire, Africa. The 2014 outbreak started in Guinea due to the unconventional burial procedures. In September 2014 in Dallas, Texas the CDC monitored 179 suspected Ebola cases, the initial case was traced to Vickery Meadows due to the increased amount of foreign population within 25,000 square miles of town (Santibañez, Davis, & Avchen, 2019). There was a Liberian male that presented with a sinus infection 14 days prior to his death. The man died of hemorrhagic fever and as the investigation progressed; they later found out he had explosive diarrhea and projectile vomiting within the first three days. The nosocomial VHF outbreaks such as the 2014 U.S. Ebola virus disease incident in Dallas, Texas and the single nurse assistant in Madrid, Spain, and the significance of other documented outbreaks of nosocomial VHF due to instances of mis-diagnosis, patient morbidity, and the secondary infection of health care workers wearing various levels of PPE (Eddy, & Sase, 2015). Epidemiological Determinants and Risk Factors The virus belongs to the Ebola virus genus, Filoviridae family, and Mononegavirales order. The genus Ebolavirus includes the following species: Zaire ebolavirus, Reston

especially since we have extreme heat warnings during the summer months. They would also reach out the local news to provide updated information for the public on a daily basis. They put together a “First Watch” program that provides the Health Department of real-time information from 911 calls to detect trends indicating the possible outbreak of any potential communicable disease. If the outbreak warrants the Red Cross or the National Guard to provide assistance, they would activate additional response teams to assist with quarantines.Government would rely on the CDC recommendations to state if there is no risk, low riskor a high risk. Depending on the risk level, the local government could impose restrictions on not only businesses but schools as well. Businesses will have restrictions such as checking temperatures, checking for symptoms, and sanitizing before entering the establishmentor even exclusion from public places. Businesses would be more at risk of having to shut down if exposure is vast and not under control. Government would ensure the local businesses are informed by radio, television, and cell phone alerts. Depending on the outbreak, schools could resort to distance learning to ensure the safety of the children and the teachers. School departments would review their school emergency operations. This would include training their teachers, nurses, and supportive staff on signs and symptoms. Our local University Medical Center is our only Level 1 trauma center, with Sunrise Hospital as a Level 2 trauma center where both are ready for and prepared for any public emergency if called upon. We proved that when Route 91mass shooting happened on October 1st of 2017. The community system was impacted by the hospitals being overloaded on critical patients. Overflow of patients were sent to the Trauma 2 hospital and surrounding hospitals and tents were set up for triage and the less injured. Doctors and nurses worked more hours due to the mass casualty. Blood supplies, PPE, regular supplies, and medications would have an impact

if the preparedness teams did not prior plan for an emergency. We are seeing the impact of the recent events there are not enough medications to fight a virus, not enough PPE for staff to stay safe, and not enough ventilators for the critically ill patients. After that emergency, all hospitals started preparing for additional threats by holding major disaster drills twice per year and completing internal drills within the hospitals. During these drills, the hospitals practice for a mass casualty situation. The hospitals ensure there are enough supplies, medications, blood supplies available and they update their emergency protocols and ensure their emergency response trees are up to date. All of these steps ensure there is a clear and concise protocol when handling emergencies within the community including mass shootings and virus outbreaks. Nurses, physicians, and supportive staff continue to educate themselves and prepare for emergencies. University Medical Center provides several outreach programs to help the community including Stop the Bleed, Pedestrian Safety Task Force, Safe Kids Clark County, Every 15 Minutes, You Drink, You Drive, You Lose, Emergency Preparedness, and Southern Nevada Injury Prevention Partnership (SNIPP). All of these programs educate the public to help understand and prepare for emergency situations. Reporting Protocol for an Outbreak in My Community The Clark County and the surrounding cities to include Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, Henderson, Mesquite, and Boulder City comprise the Southern Nevada Health District. The district represents and notifies the public on all health concerns and crisis. They have developed the emergency preparedness plans that is followed by first responders. Theinformation on their website on the reporting of diseases, exposures, health events, and communicable diseases is a necessary entity to promote safety and well-being of all Nevadans.The Southern Nevada District Board of Health finds that the reporting of diseases, exposures, and sentinel health

Ebola and those who are not is the most imperative way to prevent any further spread of the disease. References

Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/programs/laws/menu/definitions.htm Eddy, C., & Sase, E. (2015). The 2014 Dallas, Texas, Ebola Incident: Global Implications to All-Hazards Preparedness and Health Care Worker Protection. Journal of Environmental Health , 78 (2), 28–32. Hasan, S., Ahmad, S., Masood, R., & Saeed, S. (2019). Ebola virus: A global public health menace: A narrative review. Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care , 8 (7), 2189–

2201. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_297_ Jalloh, M. F., Sengeh, P., Bunnell, R. E., Jalloh, M. B., Monasch, R., Wenshu Li, Mermin, J., DeLuca, N., Brown, V., Nur, S. A., August, E. M., Ransom, R. L., Namageyo-Funa, A., Clements, S. A., Dyson, M., Hageman, K., Pratt, S. A., Nuriddin, A., Carroll, D. D., & Hawk, N. (2020). Evidence of behaviour change during an Ebola virus disease outbreak, Sierra Leone. Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 98 (5), 330–3408. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19. Potluri, R., Kumar, A., Maheshwari, V., Smith, C., Oriol Mathieu, V., Luhn, K., Callendret, B., & Bhandari, H. (2020). Impact of prophylactic vaccination strategies on Ebola virus transmission: A modeling analysis. PLoS ONE , 15 (4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. Santibañez, S., Davis, M., & Avchen, R. N. (2019). CDC Engagement With Community and Faith-Based Organizations in Public Health Emergencies. American Journal of Public Health , 109 , S274–S276. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/clinicians/index.html