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C805 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
MRSA - Answers - Red, swollen, may look like a boil with pus. Also skin rash or sore. Transmitted usually skin to skin. Can be difficult to treat and progress into blood, bone, lung, or skin infections that may be life threatening. Multidrug-resistant. Malaria - Answers - Fever, chills, sweating, and other flu-like symptoms. Anemia, jaundice, and malaise also symptoms. Transmitted by Mosquito. Staph Infection - Answers - This disease has collection of pus, boil or abscess at site and warm to the touch. Active Immunity - Answers - immunity that results from the own production of antibodies Passive Immunity - Answers - immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal Malignant Tumors - Answers - tumor that invades surrounding tissues, likely to cause death Benign Tumors - Answers - mass of cells (tumor) that lack the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. Examples include adenoma and osteoma. metastasis - Answers - development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer Near Drowning - Answers - breathing fluid or not enough oxygenated blood Asphyxiation - Answers - lack of oxygen coupled with accumulating carbon dioxide in the blood Allergies - Answers - Nose hairs, sneezing, inflamed nasal passages, watery eyes Closed Fracture - Answers - break in bone, skin intact Open or compound fracture - Answers - break where wound is leading downto fracture ; or bone breaks skin Simple fracture - Answers - break in the rib that is broken into two parts Comminuted fracture - Answers - shattering break Impacted fracture - Answers - bone is broken with one end forced into the interior of the other
Incomplete partial fracture - Answers - fraction line does not include the whole bone (stress fracture) Greenstick fracture - Answers - bone partially bent or split; occurs with soft bones Colles fracture - Answers - break in the end of the radius in wrist; often occurs when the wrist is extended to break a fall Common Dislocations - Answers - shoulder, hip, jaw, knee, spine and elbow Sprain - Answers - stretching/tearing of ligaments Strain - Answers - stretching/tearing of muscle or tendon Rickets - Answers - bow legs, delayed growth Osteomalacia - Answers - softening and weakening of bones in children, usually due to inadequate vitamin D. Gout - Answers - Disease of uric acid metabolism, typically joint pain in big toe. Deposits will build up around joints. Characterized by , kidney stones, urea in blood and renal dysfunction. Herniated disk - Answers - Common on site L4-L5, disc pushes on nerve causing discomfort in low back. Symptoms to include severe back pain, parasthesia. Plantar fasciitis - Answers - inflammation of a thick band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes. Paget's Disease - Answers - High rate of bone turnover, bone is replaced by coarse, irregular bone. Lordosis - Answers - curving inward of the lower back. also called sway back. Affects lumbar / lower spine Kyphosis - Answers - forward rounding of the back. also called hunchback, affects upper thoracic Scoliosis - Answers - sideways curvature of the spine. Osteoporosis - Answers - bones become brittle and fragile Osteoarthritis - Answers - flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down. Bone on bone sound can be heard, minimal inflammation
Tinea pedis - Answers - fungal infection that usually begins between the toes, aka athletes foot, possible burning sensation. Antifungal ointment and washes can be prescribed. Vitiligo - Answers - disease that causes the loss of skin color in blotches/ depigmentation to areas exposed to sunlight, skin biopsy shows lack of melanocytes. Transients CVA's - Answers - temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, mini stroke Hemorrhagic CVA's - Answers - ruptured blood vessel causes bleeding inside the brain Hematoma - Answers - solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues Subdural Hematoma - Answers - pool of blood between the brain and its outermost covering. Patient could have slurred speech, difficulty walking, and dilated pupils. Concussion - Answers - brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of the head and body Contusion - Answers - tissue beneath surface of brain is bruised. Blood will accumulate Head Trauma - Answers - any sort of injury to your brain, skull, or scalp Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Answers - ALS/ Lou Gherig's, nervous system disease that weakens muscles and impacts physical function Alzheimer Disease - Answers - progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions Bells Palsy - Answers - Sudden weakness in the muscles on one half of the face Peripheral neuropathy - Answers - Weakness, numbness, and pain from nerve damage, usually in the hands and feet. Possible causes can include vitamin b12 deficiency and lead poisoning. Parkinson Disease - Answers - slow progressing disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement. Patient could have tremors, bradykinesia, and abnormal gait. Symptoms could be aggravated by anticholinergics. Treatment with deep brain stimulation. Multiple Sclerosis - Answers - disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves; transient motor and sensory disturbances Meniere's Disease - Answers - inner ear disorder that causes episodes of vertigo, buzzing in ear, and hearing loss
Untreated Ear Infections (Otitis Media) - Answers - inflammation of the middle ear, If not treated, serious consequences such as temporary or permanent hearing loss Otosclerosis - Answers - formation of new bone growth Glaucoma - Answers - condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight Cataracts - Answers - condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision. Cloudy and crystalline lens. Treatment might include intracapsular extraction, intraocular lens implant. Retinal Detachment - Answers - when part of the eye (the retina) pulls away from supportive tissue Folic Acid anemia - Answers - Lack of Vit. B12. Megaloblasts present. Characterized by weakness, fatigue, anorexia, pallor, forgetfulness, irritability, and diarrhea Pernicious anemia - Answers - Lack of Vit. B12. Megaloblasts present. Characterized by dyspnea, palpitations and tingling in extremities. Iron-deficiency anemia - Answers - Excessive blood loss, small RBC formation Aplastic anemia - Answers - develops when injury or destruction occurs to your blood- forming tissue in your bone marrow, slowing or shutting down the production of new blood cells. Megakaryocytes present Aneurysm - Answers - local dilation of a blood vessel with weakening of its walls. Thrombus - Answers - a blood clot Embolus - Answers - piece of blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream Benign / Essential Hypertension - Answers - Persistent elevated BP, vague symptoms of light-headedness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), nocturia, a tendency to tire easily, and palpitations Malignant hypertension - Answers - Extremely high blood pressure 180 and above, possible arm numbness, damage will usually occur to kidney and eyes. Botulism - Answers - Symptoms include blurred or double vision, slurred speech, drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing, and muscle weakness
Congestive heart failure - Answers - Heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Symptoms include tachypnea, palpitations, edema, weight gain, diaphoresis, and cyanosis. May be given Digoxin to help pump blood. Mitral - Answers - Obstructed flow from Atrium to Ventricle. Abnormal heart sounds. Symptoms can include; dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, peripheral edema, atrial fibrillation Aortic - Answers - Blood flow back into the left Ventricle. Can be caused by Endocarditis. Symptoms can include; Dyspnea, angina, fatigue on exertion, and palpitations Endocarditis - Answers - Infection of inner lining of heart chambers and heart valves. Vegetation may be present. Pericarditis - Answers - Sharp and often sudden pleuritic pain that increases with deep inspiration. Characterized by orthopnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia. Auscultation will reveal grating sound. Rheumatic fever, hypothyroidism Berylliosis - Answers - form of metal poisoning caused by inhalation Bronchiectasis - Answers - lungs' airways become damaged, making it hard to clear mucus Silicosis - Answers - lung disease caused by breathing in tiny bits of silica Pulmonary Emphysema - Answers - Lung tissue involved in exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is impaired or destroyed Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Answers - Contagious bacterial infection in lungs, affects lower respiratory tract. X-ray shows lesions of calcified granular tissue. Biopsy shows necrosis of lung tissue. Allergic Rhinitis - Answers - Allergies Sinusitis - Answers - Cavities around the nasal passages become inflamed. Pharyngitis - Answers - Inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx. It typically results in a sore throat and fever Laryngitis - Answers - Inflammation of the voice box from overuse, irritation, or infection Epiglottitis - Answers - Potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the tissue protecting the windpipe becomes inflamed
Infectious Mononucleosis - Answers - Acute upper respiratory tract infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by flu like symptoms. Fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen cervical lymph glands. Bronchitis - Answers - Inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs Pneumonia - Answers - Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid Legionnaire's Disease - Answers - lower respiratory tract infection caused by legionella bacteria. spreads in air COPD - Answers - chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Caused by chronic asthma or bronchiectasis. Asthma - Answers - person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe Crohn's Disease - Answers - inflammation of any part of GI tract, generally small intestine Pancreatitis - Answers - upper abdomen pain, inflammation of pancreas Cholecystits - Answers - upper right abdomen pain, inflammed gall blader Celiac Disease - Answers - immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Diverticulitis - Answers - inflammation or infection in one or more small pouches in the digestive tract. Hemorrhoids - Answers - Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding GERD - Answers - stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining Cirrhosis - Answers - the liver slowly deteriorates and is unable to function normally Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Answers - an intestinal disorder causing pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation Peptic Ulcer - Answers - sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. Ulcerative Colitis - Answers - inflammation of large intestine
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - Answers - Mode of renal replacement therapy for hemodynamically unstable Diabetes mellitus - Answers - insufficient production of insulin; characterized by polyuria, glycosuria, and polydipsia Diabetes insipidus - Answers - kidneys unable to conserve water, classic symptoms are polyuria and polydipsia Addison's Disease - Answers - disorder in which the adrenal glands don't produce enough hormones Cushing's Disease - Answers - too much cortisol in body, moon shaped face, buffalo's hump, purple stretch marks Goiters - Answers - enlargement of thyroid ; risk factors include female, over 40, family history Hyperthyroidism - Answers - overactive thyroid, usually puffy eyes Hypothyroidism - Answers - underactive thyroid, fatigue, weight gain, lethargy Prostatitis - Answers - inflamed prostate, urinary frequency and urgency, pain in pelvic region Epididymitis - Answers - Inflammation of the tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm, patient may waddle Testicular Cancer - Answers - lump in either testicle and a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. Treated by orchidectomy or retroperitoneal node dissection Prostate Cancer - Answers - Adenocarcinoma in prostate tissue. Usually has urinary obstruction, retention and frequency. Treated by cyroablation or orchidectomy Endometriosis - Answers - abnormal tissue growing outside uterine lining, dysmenorrhea occurs. Can be treated by salpingo-oophorectomy Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - Answers - Infection of the female sex organs, swollen tubes, scar tissue. sudden pelvic pain, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, abnormal bleeding, cervical dysplasia, metorrhea, fever Ovarian Cancer - Answers - Symptoms of urinary urgency, pelvic pain, abdominal pressure or fullness and bloating. Usually surgery to remove tumor. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) - Answers - High levels of LH, can cause irregular or no mentsrual cycle
Chronic Asthma - Answers - asthma that may lead to COPD; smoking exposure to polluted air, respiratory infections, and allergies are predispositions, textile dust fibers, petrochemicals. Long term asthma heart dysrhythmia - Answers - abnormal heart beat: the rhythm may be irregular in its pacing or the heart rate may be low or high Valvular heart disease - Answers - defect in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary types of dermatitis - Answers - atopic (eczema), dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis - Answers - scaly patches, red skin and stubborn dandruff. It usually affects oily areas of the body, such as the face, upper chest and back. contact dermatitis - Answers - rash occurs on areas of the body that have come into contact with substances that either irritate the skin or cause an allergic reaction CVA - Answers - Cerebral vascular accident Second Degree Burn - Answers - skin appears red and swollen, skin blisters can be present. respiratory distress - Answers - increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath, can be experienced within minutes or even days following a near drowning. Paget's disease - Answers - A patient presented with swelling of the femur. MRI results indicated an enlargement and thickening of the bone. The UA showed hydroxyproline. The patient was prescribed NSAIDs and physical therapy, surgery was recommended. What disease does this describe? finger dislocation - Answers - An entry from a patient's chart reads as follows: Reason for visit: Sports Injury - HandChief complaint: Small (5th digit) finger painGeneral: Injury happened while playing football. No prior history to this site, and patient denies any other injuries to hand.Physical exam: Pale skin; swelling; severe pain at the joint, especially when in use; joint appears deformedPain scale from 1 is low and 10 is severe: 10X-ray results: Torn soft tissue ligaments surrounding Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint injuryTreatment: Surgical reconstruction to realign bone and ligaments Which condition is this patient currently being treated for? Fibromyalgia - Answers - A patient presented with restlessness and exhaustion; constant, dull muscle aches; and tenderness. The patient describes the pain as being a 9 out of a 10 point scale. The pain has been chronic for one year now, but worsened after having an argument with a family member recently. Upon physical exam, positive tender points are found on the back of the head, outer elbow, and inner knee. The
myocardial infarction - Answers - Which cardiovascular condition occurs when blood flow to a section of heart muscle becomes blocked (usually by a clot), potentially causing heart muscle damage and death? Atherosclerosis - Answers - A patient's record documents headache with memory defects. The patient's skin color and temperature are unusual, and the patient reports pain at night. Which condition is described? Myocardial infarction - Answers - A patient's record documents reports of fatigue, shortness of breath, and vomiting. The patient was given medication for crushing chest pain that radiated to the neck and jaw. The patient's blood test showed elevated cardiac enzyme levels. Which condition is described? congestive heart failure - Answers - A 52-year-old patient presents with palpitation, edema, and tachypnea. This patient also has chronic conditions, including hypertension and CAD. The patient has a history of smoking and myocardial infarction. The patient is placed on a digoxin drip and a low-sodium diet. Which condition is being described? Myocarditis - Answers - inflammation of the heart muscle, may be caused by metastasized neoplasms, rheumatic fever, uremia, or hypothyroidism. Pericarditis - Answers - A patient has a history of rheumatic fever and hypothyroidism. The patient currently has clammy skin, as well as low blood pressure. During examination, the patient experiences a sharp, sudden pleuritic pain when taking deep breaths. Which condition does this describe? mitral stenosis - Answers - narrowing of the mitral valve, obstructs blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle. Possible history of childhood rheumatic fever and atrial fibrillation. Malignant - Answers - A patient's record indicates a type of hypertension that is typically above 180/120 and can cause serious damage to organ tissue. It was treated as a medical emergency. Which type of hypertension did this patient have? Respiratory Mycoses - Answers - infection that affects lower respiratory tract. Pulmonary emphysema - Answers - A 32-year-old patient experiences chest tightness and dyspnea while exercising. The physician orders a chest X-ray and labs. The lab test results indicate a deficiency of a 1-antitrypsin. Which disorder is indicated? silicosis - Answers - A 50-year-old patient who works as a sand blaster has the following symptoms: dyspnea, cough with sputum, tachypnea, and pulmonary hypertension. A chest X-ray shows small nodular lesions throughout, but mainly concentrated in the upper areas, of the lungs. Which condition is described?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - Answers - A patient's condition was caused by abnormally weak contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter, which reduced its ability to prevent the backup of gastric contents into the patient's esophagus. Which condition does this describe? Cirrhosis - Answers - A patient reports nausea, vomiting, dull abdominal ache, and pruritus. On physical examination, edema of the legs, ascites, and jaundice were documented. The patient has a history of long-term acetaminophen therapy. Laboratory findings included elevated alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Which condition is described? Peptic ulcer - Answers - An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) result showed evidence of bleeding and circumscribed lesions in the duodenum, which was sent for biopsy. Pathological findings are positive for H. pylori. The patient is being treated with antibiotics and supplemental RBC.Which condition is described? Cirrhosis - Answers - A 38-year-old patient with a history of long-term alcohol and tobacco abuse has symptoms of ascites, leg edema, and vomiting. A diagnostic workup includes ALT, AST assays, and US of the liver. Which condition is described? inguinal hernia - Answers - protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region. Can cause sharp abdominal pain with a palpable lump present in the groin area. Diverticulitis - Answers - A 60-year-old patient complains of fever and pain in the lower abdomen with guarding, which is relieved after a bowel movement. The provider advises against a barium enema or colonoscopy for diagnosis because it may cause a perforation or hemorrhage. Which condition is described? pancreatic cancer - Answers - A patient presents with the following complaints: abdominal pain radiating to the back, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Jaundice was noted on examination. A confirmatory percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy was done. Which condition is described? hemmorrhoids - Answers - dilated, engorged veins in the mucous membrane of anua, accompanied by rectal bleeding and anal discomfort. Renal cell adenocarcinoma - Answers - An intravenous pyelogram shows two tumors in the left kidney. A kidney biopsy is performed and sent for pathological findings. Arterial embolization is suggested to stop blood and oxygen flow to the tumor to prevent growth. Pathological findings show evidence of malignancy in both tumors. Chemotherapy is suggested. Which condition is indicated by this description? Bladder carcinoma - Answers - A cystoscopy reveals lumps from the epithelium cell membrane of the bladder. Microscopic urinalysis confirms malignancy and blood in
