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C805 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
mrsa - Answers - a cause of staph infection difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance S&S: wound; painful, reddened, swollen, and warm to touch lungs; pneumonia, systemic symptoms (fever, vomiting) Dx: rapid blood test Tx: antibiotics, draining of sore malaria - Answers - a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite S&S: fever, shaking, chills, headache, muscle aches, n/v/d, anemia, jaundice Dx: blood smear indicating presence of parasites, rapid malaria antigen test Tx: antimalaria Rxs staph infection - Answers - infection caused by bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the nose S&S: boils, oozing blisters, n/v/d, puss Dx: revising cultures of tissue, nasal secretions Tx: drainage of infection, antibiotics active immunity - Answers - the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen occurs after having a disease passive immunity - Answers - An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk or receiving vaccinations benign tumors - Answers - tumor remains localized as a discrete mass there may be an excessive growth of cells but may also grow slowly and is rarely fatal tumor is encapsulated and does not infiltrate surrounding tissue and rarely recurs after tumorectomy
malignant tumors - Answers - an invasive tumor that grows rapidly where it sometimes becomes anaplastic (loss of cell definition and function) may metastasize through the blood or lymph. tumor cells are abnormal being distorted in size, shape, and structure delay in treatment may result in death - cancer Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Answers - a malignant cancer that starts in the lymphocytes; includes any type of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphoma process of metastasis - Answers - to metastasize is for abnormal cells to spread through the circulatory system cancer cells break away from the original tumor where they then travel through the blood or lymph system forming a new tumor in other organs or tissues of the body newly formed tumor(s) is the same cancer type as primary tumor near drowning - Answers - person will aspirate fluid or may have airway obstructed caused by a spasm of the larynx when gasping underwater resulting in hypoxemia (insufficient oxygenation of the arterial blood) minutes or days after the occurrence, person may experience respiratory distress Tx: CPR asphyxiation - Answers - lack of oxygen coupled with accumulating carbon dioxide in the bloody which may result from carbon monoxide poisoning, near drowning, hyperventilation, airway obstruction, or inhalation of toxic fumes. Tx: removal of any obstruction, CPR, oxygenation, and intubation allergies - Answers - a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive S&S: chill, n/v, pain, anaphylaxis, CHF, hypotension, shock, nasal congestion, itching, sneezing Dx: blood and lab tests to confirm type + severity of Ax reaction Tx: Rx, immunotherapy closed simple fracture - Answers - a break in the bone with no external wound to the skin
osteomyelitis - Answers - an acute or chronic infection of the bone-forming tissue S&S: fever, chills, malaise, sweating, pain, bone tenderness, bone swelling, fatigue, open wound drainage Dx: physical examination, blood cultures, x-rays, bone scans, MRI, bone biopsy Tx: bed rest, antibiotics, surgical drainage, tissue or bone grafts, immobilization osteomalacia - Answers - softening of the bones S&S: bone pain, joint pain, muscle pain/weakness, easy bone break, difficulty walking, muscle cramps Dx: blood an urine tests, x-rays, bone biopsy Tx: vitamin D and calcium supplements gout - Answers - a chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism S&S: excruciating joint pain, acute joint pain attacks of big toes Dx: urate crystals present in joint fluid, tophi in or around joint, skeletal x-rays Tx: bed rest, immobilization, heat or cold applications, analgesics herniated disk - Answers - fragment of the disc nucleus that is pushed out of the annulus into the spinal canal through a tear or rupture in the annulus S&S: sever back pain worsening with motion, numbness sensation, prickling, tingling, restricted neck mobility Dx: present sciatic pain when when straightening leg, spinal x-rays, CT, MRI Tx: bed rest, alternating heat and cold application, muscle relaxants, low extremities traction, back brace, surgical removal of disk plantar fascitis - Answers - common condition that results from irritation of the ligament on the bottom of the foot that connects the heel to the toes S&S: pain/stiffness of feet when getting out of bed or sitting for long periods Dx: physical exam revealing pain, tenderness, or swelling on bottom of heel, x-rays
Tx: NSAIDs, ice, rest, flexibility exercises, night splints, Rx orthopedic shoes inserts, corticosteroid injections, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, surgery paget's disease (osteitis deformans) - Answers - chronic metabolic skeletal disease marked by a high rate of bone turnover in the initial phase S&S: initially asymptomatic, swelling/deformity of long bones, dull and persistent pain around affected bone, pinched nerve from enlarge bones Dx: bone scintiscans, x-rays, bone marrow biopsies, blood analysis, urinalysis Tx: physical therapy to improve muscle strength, pharmacological therapy using bisphosphonates or calcitonin, pain management via analgesics, surgery lordosis - Answers - an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar or lower spine S&S: chronic fatigue, backache Dx: anterior/posterior/lateral x-rays of spine, MRI if tumor or infection suspected Tx: medication, physical therapy, braces, weight loss kyphosis - Answers - an abnormal outward curvature of the upper thoracic vertebrae S&S: back pain, stiffness Dx: anterior/posterior/lateral x-rays of spine, MRI Tx: regular x-rays, physical therapy, back brace, surgery scoliosis - Answers - an abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to either the L or R S&S: uneven hips, leaning to one side, chronic fatigue, backache Dx: anterior/posterior/lateral x-rays of spine, MRI Tx: back bracing, surgery, regular checkups to monitor curvature osteoporosis - Answers - a metabolic bone disease where bones become brittle, porous, and vulnerable to fractures due to decreased calcium and phosphate in bones S&S: silent disease, bone pain, lower back pain, weight-bearing bone pain, loss of height or kyphosis Dx: DEXA scan, blood tests, urinalysis, x-ray, bone scintiscan, bone biopsy, CT scan
Dx: medical Hx and observation of present lesions Tx: topical antibacterial Rxs, oral antibiotics, adequate skin care routine carbuncle - Answers - group of boils forming connected area of infection under skin S&S: pus, pain, lump, sweating, swelling, fever, chills Dx: physical exam, lab analysis of pus Tx: warm compress, incision and drainage fever blisters - herpes simplex virus 1 (cold sores) - Answers - skin eruptions occurring around around perimeter of mouth, lips, and nose or on mucous membranes within mouth S&S: small, pale vesicles on lips or mouth, burning, stinging, formed ulcers/crusts Dx: individual characteristic lesions, histological exam of scraping Tx: valacyclovir, keeping lesions dry and clean, topical analgesics/ointments, antibiotic ointments impetigo - Answers - a contagious superficial skin infection marked by a fluid-filled blister that may rupture forming yellow crust S&S: lesions appearing as macules, vesicles and pustules accompanied by pruritus, rupturing lesion (honey-colored liquid), liquid that hardens into thick yellow crust: mouth, nose, neck, or extremities Dx: noting characteristics of lesions, revising gram stain of vesicle fluid confirming infection Tx: topical/oral antibiotics, cleansing of lesions herpes zoster (shingles) - Answers - an acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body occasionally on the face - primarily affects adults > S&S: pain along affected nerve, lesions appearing thereafter 1-3 days on one side of trunk of body, one side of face, mouth, tongue, or around an eye, rash Dx: characteristic pattern of painful lesions, scraping lesions for cell cultures, varicella zoster antibodies present in body
Tx: antiviral drug therapy, sedatives, analgesics, antipruritics, antibiotics if vesicles infected seborrheic dermatitis - Answers - a chronic functional disease of the sebaceous glands marked by an increase in the amount and often alteration in the quality if the sebaceous secretion S&S: skin eruption o scalp, eyelids, cheeks, beard, chest, axillae, groin, or trunk producing dry, moist or greasy scales. brown-yellow or red lesions, itchiness of affected area Dx: review of Mx history and observation of characteristic lesions; differentiate from psoriasis Tx: gentle shampooing for cradle cap, hydrocortisone creams eczema (atopic dermatitis) - Answers - an inflammation of the skin accompanied by intense itching of unknown etiology S&S: pruritus/severs characteristic lesion on face, neck, upper trunk, and bends of the knees and elbows, vesicular and exudative eruptions in children, dry, leathery vesicles in adults Dx: skin obs, Mx Hx revealing family tendency of developing eczema, elevated serum IgE levels Tx: Rx local and systemic agents, daily skin care, Rx tropical corticosteroid creams/ointments, moisturizer, room humidifier, phototherapy decubitus ulcers - Answers - a localized area of dead skin and subcutaneous tissue S&S: shiny reddened skin over bony prominence (stage 1) ulcer swelling showing blister (stage 2) crater-like ulcer going deeper into skin (stage 3) deep ulcer going into fat, muscle, or bone serious (stage 4) infected ulcer foul-smelling, pain accompanying lesion Dx: wound culture, sensitivity testing to isolate causative organism if infection is suspected Tx: alleviated skin pressure, excellent skin hygiene, area kept clean and dry, Rx topical antibiotic powders, surgery keratosis pilaris - Answers - a common disorder that appears and painless, skin-colored bumps that may redden and form rough patches of skin
S&S: flushing of cheeks, forehead, nose, or chin, small red pustules, enlarged/misshaped nose, eye redness, burning, dryness, excessive tearing stage 1: easily blush or flush (pre-rosacea) stage 2: skin becomes sensitive, small vessels on cheeks and nose swell (vascular rosacea) stage 3: small red pustules on cheeks, nose, forehead, and chin (inflammatory rosacea) Dx: physical exam, Mx Hx Tx: topical creams/lotions containing tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, oral antibiotics, laser surgery scabies - Answers - skin infection resulting from infestation by the itch mite S&S: itching intensifying at night, lesions excoriated/threadlike, between fingers, on wrists, on elbow, in axilla, at waist, on nipples, buttocks, genitalia Dx: visual exam, miner oil placed over burrow; superficial scraping obtained, ova or mite feces indicated under microscope Tx: application of a pediculicide, such as permethrin, lindane cream, or crotamiton, left on for 8 to 12 hours a day for about 5 days, antipruritics and oral antihistamines skin cancer - basal cell - Answers - carcinomas arising from the basal cell layer of the epidermis or hair follicles; locally invasive, slow-growing, and destructive; rarely metastasize S&S: white waxy lump, brown scaly patch on sun-exposed area; face and neck Dx: obs of skin, noting characteristic lesions, biopsy of lesions Tx: surgery, radiation therapy, curettage, cryosurgery laser therapy, electrodessication, Mohs micrographic surgery tinea pedis (athletes foot) - Answers - a fungal infection that usually begins between the toes S&S: intense persistent itching, burning, stinging, pain, inflamed and dry sole, scaly rash Dx: skin scrapings Tx: topical anti-fungal Rxs, warm foot soak, antibacterial soap, loose fitting clothing
vitiligo - Answers - melanocytes, pigment-producing cells of the skin, are destroyed or cease producing melanin S&S: depigmentation/white spots on skin, white patches focal pattern: limited to one or few patterns segmental pattern: only one side of the body generalized pattern: symmetrically on both sides of body Dx: physical exam, Mx Hx, sunburn, trauma, premature graying, stress, physical illness, skin biopsy, blood tests Tx: topical corticosteroids, psoralen, ultraviolet A therapy, skin grafts, micro- pigmentation, tattooing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) - Answers - temporary, recurring episodes of impaired neurological activity resulting from insufficient blood flow to a part of the brain S&S: sudden onset of muscle weakness in arm, leg, or foot on one side of body, diplopia, speech deficits, dizziness, staggering/uncoordinated gait Dx: full physical and neuro exam, carotid u/s, cranial CT scans, cranial MRI Tx: anti-platelet agents, aspirin ,anticoagulant drugs, surgery cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - Answers - a clinical syndrome marked by sudden impairment of consciousness and subsequent paralysis; caused by occlusion or hemorrhaging of blood vessels supplying a portion of brain - "stroke" S&S: face drooping on one side, one arm drifting downward when raising, slurred or strange speech, confusion, double vision, poor coordination, numbness, severe headache, dizziness Dx: physical exam, neuro workup, CTA, MRI, MRA, carotid u/s, TCD Tx: drug therapy, anticoagulant or anti-platelet agents, surgery, physical rehab hematoma - Answers - bad bruise occurs when there's injury under the skin causing blood to collect and pool S&S: skin discoloration, lumpy feel Dx: physical evaluation Tx: apply ice pack to reduce pain or swelling
Tx: cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, maintain client safety, reduce anxiety and agitation, promote independence, improve communication, provide socialization no cure bells palsy - Answers - a disruption of the seventh cranial facial nerve's message sent from the brain to facial muscles causing paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face
- transient or permanent S&S: facial weakness, drooping mouth, drooling saliva, disrupted sense of taste, jaw pain, behind ear pain, headache, paralysis bell phenomenon Dx: physical and neuro exam, Tx: antiviral medication, anti-inflammatory drugs, electrical stimulation, warm moist heat, analgesia corticosteroid drugs peripheral neuropathy - Answers - a degeneration of the nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord S&S: pain and loss of sensation in the extremities, tingling, prickling, burning, freezing pain with extreme sensitivity to touch, progressive muscular weakness, loss of dexterity, tenderness Dx: H&P exam, neuro workup, electromyography, blood tests, CT, MRI nerve conduction tests, lumbar puncture Tx: analgesics, bed rest, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, lidocaine patch, physical therapy, occupational therapy, orthopedic interventions, elastic support stockings parkinson disease - Answers - a chronic brain disease characterized by progressive muscle rigidity and involuntary tremors S&S: abnormally slow movements, progressively rigid extremities, pill-rolling tremors beginning in fingers, difficulty with balance, shuffling walk, muffled speech Dx: neuro exam, blood tests, MRI Tx: levodopa Rx, anticholinergics, physical therapy, psychological support, deep brain stimulation multiple sclerosis - Answers - a chronic, progressive, and irreversible autoimmune disease characterized by destruction of the myelin sheath S&S: vision change, sudden and transient motor and sensory disturbances, muscle weakness, paralysis, incontinence, fatigue, balance problems, numbness, mood swings
Dx: neuro exam, eye exam, CSF analysis, CT scans, MRI, periodic testing, and obs Tx: interferon-beta products, corticosteroids no cure meniere disease - Answers - a chronic inner ear syndrome marked by attacks of vertigo, progressive deafness, tinnitus, and a sensation of fullness in the ears otitis media - Answers - an accumulation of fluid within the middle ear glaucoma - Answers - accumulating pressure within the eye damages the retina and optic nerve often causing blindness cataracts - Answers - an opacity or clouding of the crystalline lens of the eye or its surrounding membrane retinal detachment - Answers - the complete or partial separation of the retina from the choroid layer of the eye leading to the loss of retinal function and blindness folic acid deficiency anemia - Answers - the appearance of large abnormal red blood cells that form when there are inadequate stores of folic acid within the body S&S: weakness, fatigue, anorexia, pallor, forgetfulness, irritability, diarrhea Dx: physical exam, blood tests, bone marrow studies Tx: oral folic acid supplements, Rx diet high in folic acid pernicious anemia - Answers - the appearance of large, abnormal RBCs that form when there are inadequate levels of vitamin B12 in the body S&S: fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations, sore and bright red tongue, numbness/tingling of the extremities, weakness, n/v, neuritis, impaired coordination, altered vision, light- headedness, tachycardia Dx: H&P exam, CBC, bone marrow aspiration, gastric analysis Tx: vitamin B12 injections, Rx vitamin B12 pills, nasal gel, spray iron deficiency anemia - Answers - inadequate reserves of iron in the body and the formation of unusually small hemoglobin-poor RBCs due to excessive blood loss S&S: extreme fatigue, pallor, headache, cold hands/feet, irritability, dyspnea, tachycardia, increased infections, brittle nails
S&S: blurred/double vision, slurred speech, drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness Dx: H&P exam, botulism toxin in stool or blood serum Tx: antitoxin deriving from healthy horses, respirator, surgical removal, human-derived antitoxin (infants), intensive therapy, hospital care HIV - Answers - virus that attacks the body's immune system contracted from the exchange of fluids; semen, blood, blood, products, shared needles, breast milk, birth S&S: fever, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, fatigue, malignancy, sob, coughing, chest pain, n/v/d, headache, confusion, chronic illness Dx: rapid testing Tx: antiretroviral drugs influenza (flu) - Answers - an acute, contagious respiratory disease S&S: fever, chills, croup, malaise, muscle aches, headache, nasal congestion, laryngitis, cough Dx: throat culture, immunofluorescence techniques Tx: bed rest, adequate fluid intake, analgesics, antipyretics, acetaminophen H1N1 Flu - Answers - virus caused by a mixture of viruses typical among pigs, birds, and humans S&S: fever, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, body aches, fatigue, headache, v/d Dx: severe upper respiratory infection, confirmation of real-time polymerase chain reaction, viral culture measuring amount of virus in blood, or fourfold increase in H1N specific neutralizing antibodies Tx: antiviral medications lyme disease - Answers - transmitted via ticks that inject saliva into host's bloodstream or deposits fecal material on skin S&S: rash at site of bite resembling bull's eye, fatigue, headache, fever, chills, stiff neck, joint/muscle pain, meningitis, nerve damage, facial palsy, chronic arthritis Dx: confirmation of rash, blood tests
Tx: antibiotics shingles (herpes zoster) - Answers - reactivation of the chickenpox virus causing a painful rash S&S: painful rash, stripe of blisters, burning sensation, fatigue, itching Dx: tissue scraping, culture Tx: antivirals, nerve pain Rxs rubella (german measles) - Answers - contagious viral infection knowable for its distinctive rash S&S: malaise, headache, slight fever sore throat, rash Dx: throat, blood, urine cultures, antibody titers Tx: isolation, bed rest, topical antipruritics, warm water baths, Rx antipyretics varicella (chickenpox) - Answers - highly contagious disease most common among children S&S: pruritic rash, anorexia, malaise, fever Dx: clinical signs, Hx indicating recent exposure to disease Tx: isolation, antihistamines, calamine lotion, cool bicarbonate of soda, colloidal oatmeal baths, refraining from scratching viral hemorrhagic fever - Answers - a group of viral illnesses that affect multiple organ systems in the body S&S: high fever, fatigue, muscle aches, dizziness, bleeding under skin, mouth, eyes, ears, kidney failure, shock, coma, seizures Dx: appearance of symptoms connected to geographical location indicating breakout, lab findings, cultivated virus samples Tx: close supervision, intensive care, isolation, supportive treatment, encouraging fluids/nutrition, rest, medications for pain, antiviral ribavirin west nile virus - Answers - infectious disease that occurs when a virus from an infected mosquito multiplies in a person's blood crossing the blood-brain barrier causing inflammation of the brain
Dx: H&P exam, ECG, x-ray, elevated central venous pressure, blood tests, echocardiography. cardiac CT, MRI cardiac catheterization Tx: diuretics, bed rest, drug therapy, weight loss, restricted salt intake pleuritis (pleurisy) - Answers - inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity S&S: chest pain worsening during breathing, sob, dry cough, fever Dx: blood test, chest x-ray, CT scan, u/s, ECG or EKG Tx: anti-inflammatories, pain relievers, rest endocarditis (infective endocarditis) - Answers - inflammation of the membrane lining the valves and chambers of the heart S&S: weakness, fatigue, night sweats, chills, intermittent fever, loud heart murmur, paralysis, blood in urine, petechia on skin Dx: predisposing factors, blood cultures, TEE, chest x-ray, ECG Tx: IV antibiotic therapy, bed rest, analgesics, increased fluid intake, surgery aortic insufficiency/stenosis (valvular disease) - Answers - blood flowing back in the the left ventricle causing left ventricular hypertrophy and failure; increased ventricular pressure resulting from greater cardiac workload S&S: dyspnea, syncope, angina, fatigue, palpitations Dx: chest x-ray, ECG, cardiac catheterization Tx: valvuloplasty, surgical replacement mitral insufficiency/stenosis (valvular disease) - Answers - blood from left ventricle flows back into the left atrium; blood flow obstructed from the left atrium to the left ventricle resulting in an enlarged left atrium S&S: orthopnea, dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, peripheral edema, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, distention of jugular veins, abnormal heart sounds Dx: transthoracic echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest x-ray, cardiac catheterization Tx: balloon valvuloplasty, surgical replacement with an artificial valve
pericarditis - Answers - inflammation of the pericardium, the saclike membrane that surrounds and protects heart muscle S&S: sharp/sudden pleuritic pain increasing with deep inspiration, orthopnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, clammy skin, pallor, decrease in bp Dx: auscultation, labs, ECG, u/s, echocardiogram Tx: bed rest, upper body elevated, analgesics, antibiotic therapy, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, surgical puncture/tapping for draining myocarditis - Answers - inflammation of cardiac muscle and conduction system w/o evidence of MI (heart attack); acute or chronic S&S: dyspnea, palpitations, fever, myalgia, fatigue, pleuritic pain, chest discomfort, sob, tachycardia Dx: Mx Hx revealing upper respiratory infection, lab tests indicating elevated cardiac enzyme, ECG, Holter monitor worn, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, MRI, endomyocardial biopsy Tx: bed rest, oxygen therapy, sodium restriction, diuretics for increasing urine output, Rx angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors chronic asthma - Answers - recurrent attacks of labored breathing accompanied by wheezing; inflammatory disorder of airway causing spasms of bronchial tubes or swelling of mucous membranes causation factor: Family Hx hypersensitivity, allergies, mold spores, anxiety, humidity, etc. S&S: coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, chest tightness, profuse perspiring, pallor, difficulty speaking, tight chest, anxiousness, exhaustion Dx: Px exam, chest x-ray, sputum analysis, pulmonary function tests, determination of arterial blood gases, electrocardiography, blood tests, allergy testing Tx: avoiding triggers, long-term preventive controller, quick-relief rescuers, high does bronchodilators and corticosteroids berylliosis (beryllium poisoning) - Answers - beryllium poisoning of the lungs although the skin and other bodily organs may also be affected causation factor: workers in primary production, metal machining and reclaiming scrap alloys, nuclear power, aerospace, electronics industries
